Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws satiate a long felt need of a comprehensive work that answers all the questions related to Intellectual Property and is one of its kind in India. A perusal of the book shows that the labour bestowed on it by the editors has not been spent in vain. Every page exhibits evidence of the industry, learning and judgment with which the work has been compiled. Treatment of the subject requires as much legal acumen as treatment for any other branch of law. The author has given an exhaustive and analytical exposition of the law as laid down in judicial decisions with his own comments.

Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents x i
RAMA SARMA’S
COMMENTARY ON INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY LAWS WITH MODEL AGREEMENT
EDITION 2009
VOLUME 2
CONTENTS
PART VIII
THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
1.1 History of Copyright .................................................................................1614
1.2 British Copyright Law ...............................................................................1614
1.3 What is Intellectual Property Law? ...........................................................1615
1.4 Concept of Intellectual Property ...............................................................1616
1.5 Modern Copyright Law ............................................................................1617
1.5.1 Statutory Right ..........................................................1617
1.6 Functions of Copyright System ................................................................1617
1.7 Copyright vests in the original work ........................................................1618
1.8 Remedies in Copyright Act ......................................................................1619
1.9 Copyright Protection in India ...................................................................1619
1.10 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886 (Paris Act of 1971) ............................................................1620
1.11 Universal Copyright Convention, The Geneva Act, 1952 .....................1620
1.12 Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Trips Agreement) 1994 ..............................................................1620
1.13 WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996 .................................................................1622
1.14 Special Conventions in the Field of Neighbouring Rights ......................1623
1.15 Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against the unauthorised duplication of their Phonograms 1971 (Geneva Phonograms Convention) .......................................................................1624
1.16 Wipo Performances and Phonogram Treaty 1996 (WPPT) ..................1624
1.17 Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme — Carrying
Signals Transmitted By Satellite (Brussels Satellite Con-vention)1974 .1625
xii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
1.18 Development of Copyright Regime in India ...........................................1625
1.18.1 Indian Copyright Act, 1847 and the Imperial Copyright Act, 1911 .........................................................1625
1.18.2 The Copyright Act, 1914 .........................................................1625
1.19 The Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957) ....................................................1626
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement ........................................1626
S. 2. Interpretation .................................................................................1626
S. 3. Meaning of Publication .................................................................1631
— Copies of the work ......................................................................1632
— “Publication” ...............................................................................1632
— “Sufficient Quantities” .................................................................1632
— Work not deemed to be published or performed in public ....1632
— Meaning of Publication ...............................................................1632
— Proof of Publication ....................................................................1632
S. 4. When work not deemed to be published or performed in public ..............................................................................1633
S. 5. When work deemed to be first published in India ............1634
S. 6. Certain disputes to be decided by Copyright Board ........1635
S. 7. Nationality of Author where the making of unpublished work is extended over considerable period .....................1635
S. 8. Domicile of Corporation ......................................................1636
1.20 Amendments in the Copyright Act ..........................................................1636
CHAPTER 2 COPYRIGHT OFFICE AND COPYRIGHT BOARD
2.1 Section 9 to 12 deals with function of the copyright board, their qualification, terms and conditions ......................................................................1639
S.9. Copyright Office ..................................................................1639
S.10. Registrar and Deputy Registrars of Copyrights .................1639
S.11. Copyright Board ..................................................................1639
2.2 Constitution of the Copyright Board .......................................................1640
2.3 Qualifications, Terms and Conditions of the Chairman and Members of the Copyright Board .....................................................................................1640
2.4 Functions of the Secretary of the Copyright Board ................................1641
S. 12. Powers and Procedure of Copyright Board ......................1641
CHAPTER 3 COPYRIGHT
3.1 Section 13 to 16 deals with list of work under which
copyright subsist ......................................................................................1643 S. 13. Works in which copyright subsists ......................................1643
3.2 Works in which copyright subsists ...........................................................1644
3.2.1 Registration not a prerequisite .............................................1645
3.2.2 Ideas and opinion not a subject of copyright .....................1645
3.3 Copyright on work before publication .....................................................1645
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xiii
3.4 Original work .............................................................................................1646
3.5 Original result from old ideas ...................................................................1646
3.6 Fundamental facts may not be subject of Copyright ..............................1646
3.7 Improvement and adaptation ...................................................................1647
3.8 No copyright in idea or opinion ...............................................................1647
3.9 Colourable variation—may infringe copyright .........................................1648
3.10 Copyright is conferred only upon authors ...............................................1648
3.11 ‘Originated’ from the author .....................................................................1648
3.12 Whether labels are copyrightable .............................................................1648
3.13 Infringement of registered trademark—injunction granted .....................1648
3.14 Suit for infringement of Copyright—maintainability ................................1649
3.15 Vesting of Copyright in Cinematograph Film .........................................1649
3.16 Registration of Copyright—infringement thereof .....................................1649
3.17 Benefit of Sec. 34 of Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 ............1649
S. 14. Meaning of Copyright .........................................................1649
S. 15. Special Provisions Recording Copyright in Designs Registered or Capable of being registered under the
[* * *] Designs Act, 1911 ...............................................1651
S. 16. No Copyright except as provided in this Act ....................1651
3.18 Oral Communication of contents .............................................................1651
3.19 Letters .........................................................................................................1652
3.20 Lecture ........................................................................................................1652
3.21 Private use not publication ........................................................................1652
3.22 Disclosure may not be allowed—based on relation .................................1653
3.23 Confidential Communication ....................................................................1653
3.24 Manuscript and implied warranties ...........................................................1653
3.25 Requirements of the Section .....................................................................1654
CHAPTER 4 OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT AND THE RIGHTS OF THE OWNER
4.1 This chapter deals with ownership of copyright and the rights of the owners in section 17 to 21 of the Act ....................................................1656
S. 17. First Owner of Copyright ....................................................1656
4.2 Objects of ...................................................................................................1658
4.3 First Owner of Copyright ..........................................................................1659
4.4 First Registration—A Presumption of Creator ..........................................1659
4.5 Registration of Copyright—Whether Confers Rights ..............................1660
4.6 Software—Intellectual Property—Marketable Commo-dity .....................1660
4.7 Slavish imitation of plaintiff’s compilation—injunction granted ...............1661
4.8 Clause (C)—In the Course of the Author’s Employment ........................1661
4.8.1 First owner in case of cinematograph film ..........................1663
4.9 First Owner of Examination Paper ...........................................................1663
4.10 First Owner of Photograph .......................................................................1664
4.11 If negative with photographer ...................................................................1665
4.12 Purchase of Publication Rights .................................................................1666
4.13 Music for drama ........................................................................................1666
xiv Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
4.14 Orchestra in music hall ..............................................................................1667
4.15 Vesting of Copyright in Employer ...........................................................1667
4.16 Joint Venture—Vesting to Copyright ........................................................1667
4.17 Contract of Service ....................................................................................1668
4.18 Consideraton of service .............................................................................1670
4.19 Contract of service and Contract for service ..........................................1670
4.20 Cartoonist is an Author and is entitled to the Copyright .......................1671
4.21 Work by employee, not in service ............................................................1671
4.22 Proviso (A)—“Employment by the Proprietor of a Newspaper, Magazine or similar periodical” ..............................................................1672
4.23 Headnotes and Marginal Notes ................................................................1673
4.23.1 Payment for service—As proof of employment ..................1673
4.24 Regular Staff Members ..............................................................................1674
4.25 Collective Work .........................................................................................1674
4.26 Extracts from Newspaper ..........................................................................1674
4.27 Letters to Editor of Newspaper .................................................................1675
4.28 Photographs, Prints and Advertisment ....................................................1675
4.29 Clause (B)—“For Valuable Consideration....” ...........................................1676
4.30 Music or Lyric Composer in Films ...........................................................1677
4.31 Proviso (C)—“The Employer shall be the First Owner” .........................1677
4.32 In Respect of a work “Author” and “Employer” cannot be both the same person .............................................................................................1677
4.33 Examination papers ....................................................................................1678
4.34 Conditions may be imposed .....................................................................1680
4.35 Clause (CC)—Copyright in address or speech ........................................1681
4.36 Clause (D)—Government as First Owner .................................................1681
4.37 Law in England ..........................................................................................1683
4.38 Certain Universities ....................................................................................1684
4.38.1 Public undertakings as first owner ......................................1684
4.39 International Organisations as First Owners ............................................1685
S. 18. Assignment of Copyright ....................................................1685
4.40 Assignment of Copyright ..........................................................................1686
4.41 Assignment—Meaning of ...........................................................................1686
4.42 Assignment or a grant of permission to use—Beneficial interest in movable property, although strictly not an actionable claim ...............1686
4.43 Copyright and Object of Copyright—Distinction ....................................1687
4.44 Assignment of literary work—not a waiver of copyright .........................1688
4.45 Benefit of Copyright ..................................................................................1688
4.45.1 Claim of Copyright—Definite specific details required ......1689
4.45.2 Partial assignment .................................................................1689
4.46 Equitable Assignment ................................................................................1695
4.47 Prospective owner of the Copyright in future work ................................1695
4.47.1 Publishing agreement and assignment .....................................1696
4.48 Test of Assignment ....................................................................................1697
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents x v
4.49 Contractual Relationship ...........................................................................1698
4.50 Author—not to reproduce similar work ....................................................1698
4.51 Royalty Contracts ......................................................................................1698
4.52 Publishing Agreement ...............................................................................1698
4.53 Author may bind himself of Special Provision ........................................1699
4.54 Assignment and Licence ...........................................................................1700
4.55 Words used in Agreement decisive .........................................................1700
4.56 No Express Word—No Assignment .........................................................1701
4.57 Restriction on selling or offering for sale the musical works ...................1701
4.58 Effect of Assignment .................................................................................1702
4.59 Right of Assignee of Copyright—Extent of ..............................................1702
4.60 Assignment in other Country ...................................................................1703
4.61 Author—Cannot Restrain Publication for Non-Pay-ment ........................1704
4.62 Assignor’s right to sell already printed copies .........................................1705
S.19. Mode of Assignment ..........................................................1705
S.19A. Disputes with respect to Assignment of Copyright ............1706
S.20. Transmission of copyright in manuscript by Testamentary Disposition ..........................................................................1706
S.21. Right of Author to Relinqusih Copyright ...........................1706
CHAPTER 5 TERM OF COPYRIGHT vS. 22.Term of Copyright in published Literary, Dramatic, Musical and Artistic Works ..........................................................................................1708
S. 23.Term of Copyright in Anonymous and Pseudonymous works ..................1709
S. 24.Term of Copyright in Posthumous Works ...................................................1710
S. 25.Term of Copyright in Photo-graphs ..............................................................1710
S. 26.Term of Copyright in Cinemato-graph Films ...............................................1710
S. 27.Term of Copyright in [Sound Recording] ....................................................1710
S. 28.Term of Copyright in Govern-ment works ...................................................1710
S.28A.Term of Copyright in works of public undertakings .................................1710
S. 29.Term of Copyright in works of International Organisations .......................1711
CHAPTER 6
LICENCES ON COPYRIGHT
S. 30 Licences by owners of copyright ........................................1712
S. 30 AApplication of Secs. 19 and 19A .....................................1712
S. 31 Compulsory license in works withheld from public ...........1713
S. 31 ACompulsory licence in unpublished Indian works .........1713
S. 32 License to produce and publish translations ......................1714
6.1 Limitation on power to grant licence ........................................................1718
6.2 Licence to produce and publish translation to broadcasting authority ..1718
6.3 Compulsory Licences for Translation and Berne Copyright Convention (Paris Revision, 1971) ..............................................................................1719
S. 32A Licence to reproduce and publish works for certain purposes ..............................................................................1724
xvi Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
S. 32B Termination of licences issued under this Chapter ............1726
CHAPTER 7 COPYRIGHT SOCIETIES
7.1 S. 33. Registration of Copyright Society ..................................................1727
7.2 Performing rights society to file statement of fees, charges and royalties 1727
7.3 S. 34—Objections relating to published statements .................................1728
7.4 S. 35—Determination of objections ...........................................................1728
7.5 S. 36. Existing rights not affected.—nothing in this chapter shall be deemed to affect ......................................................................................1728
7.6 Performing Right Societies in India ..........................................................1729
7.7 Liability of the performing rights society under the section ...................1730
7.8 Administration of rights of owner by copyright society .........................1730
7.9 Control over the copyright society by the owner of rights ....................1731
7.10 Submission of returns and reports ............................................................1731
7.11 Rights and liabilities of performing rights Societies .................................1731
CHAPTER 8 RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING ORGANISATION AND OF PERFORMERS
8.1 S. 37—Broadcast reproduction right .........................................................1732
8.2 Meaning of broadcasting ...........................................................................1733
8.3 Infringement by Recording of Broadcast ................................................1733
8.4 S. 38—Performer’s Right ...........................................................................1733
8.5 S. 39—Acts not infringement broadcast reproduction right or performer’s right ......................................................................................1734
8.6 S. 39-A—Other provisions applying to broadcast reproduction right and performer’s right ......................................................................................1734
CHAPTER 9 INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT
9.1 S. 40—Power to extend copyright to foreign works ................................1735
9.2 International conventions ..........................................................................1736
9.3 Legal Significance of the Universal Copyright Convention, 1952 .........1737
9.4 Right of Authors ........................................................................................1737
9.5 Deposit of work ..........................................................................................1737
9.6 Piracy—on international level .....................................................................1738
9.7 Paris Revision of Berne Convention .........................................................1741
9.8 S. 40-A—Power of Central Gov-ernment to apply Chapter VIII to Broadcasting Organisations and Performers in certain other Countries 1743
9.9 S. 41—Provisions as to works of certain International Organizations .....1744
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xvii
9.10 S. 42—Power to restrict in works of foreign authors first published in India .....................................................................................................1744
9.11 Power to restrict rights of Foreign Broadcasting Organisations and Performers ...............................................................................................1744
9.12 S. 43—Orders under this chapter to be laid before Parliament ..............1745
CHAPTER 10 REGISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT
10.1 S. 44—Register of Copyrights ...................................................................1746
10.2 Registration of copyright—not compulsory ..............................................1746
10.3 Object of Registration ...............................................................................1747
10.4 Registration of Copyright ..........................................................................1747
10.5 S. 45—Entries in Register of Copyrights ...................................................1748
10.6 Effect of registration ..................................................................................1748
10.7 Necessity of Registration ...........................................................................1749
10.8 Validity of Certificate ................................................................................1749
10.9 S. 46—Indexes ............................................................................................1749
10.10 S. 47—Form and Inspection of Register ...................................................1749
10.11 S. 48—Register of Copyrights to be prima facie evidence of particulars entered therein .........................................................................................1749
10.12 Rule of Evidence ........................................................................................1750
10.13 Procedure for Utilising Evidence ..............................................................1750
10.14 Effect of Registration .................................................................................1750
10.15 Registration is not condition precedent ....................................................1750
10.16 S. 49—Correction of entries in the Register of Copyrights .....................1751
10.17 S. 50—Rectification of Register by Copyright Board ..............................1751
10.18 S. 50-A—Entries in Register of Copyrights, etc. to be published ............1751
CHAPTER 11 INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT
11.1 S. 51—When copyright infringed ..............................................................1752
11.2 Colourable imitation ..................................................................................1753
11.3 What may constitute infringe-ment ...........................................................1754
11.4 Taking substantial portion—in-fringement ................................................1754
11.5 Colourable imitation ..................................................................................1754
11.6 Copying as infringement ...........................................................................1755
11.7 Substantial part of picture .........................................................................1755
11.8 Not copy .....................................................................................................1756
11.9 Amount of copying and degree of resemblance .....................................1757
11.10 Comparison of two pictures ......................................................................1758
11.11 Colourable imitation of original ................................................................1758
11.12 Infringement of copyright .........................................................................1759
11.13 Offence of infringements of co-pyright ....................................................1761
11.14 Test of—infringement of copyright in artistic work .................................1761
xviii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
11.15 Infringement of copyright of the industrial drawings ..............................1761
11.16 Prima facie case .........................................................................................1761
11.17 Absence of prima facie case .....................................................................1762
11.18 Absence of any notice or reser-vation ......................................................1762
11.19 Courts to seek expert opinion ...................................................................1762
11.20 Test for copying .........................................................................................1762
11.21 Copy of a copy ..........................................................................................1763
11.22 Copyright of the book—printed in other language—infringements .........1763
11.23 Vicarious liabilities for infringe-ment ........................................................1763
11.24 Performance necessary for infri-ngement .................................................1764
11.25 Performance of work in public .................................................................1764
11.26 Grant of injunction in copyright infringement .........................................1764
11.27 Plaintiff himself should not be guilty of identically wrongful co-nduct ..1765
11.28 S. 52—Certain acts not to be infringement of copyright .........................1765
11.28.1 Meaning of in a News-paper, magazine or simi-lar periodical1774
11.28.2 Publication in a coll-ection, intended for the use of educational insti-tutions ......................................................1774
11.28.3 The meaning of records ..........................................................1774
11.28.4 Rule 21—Making of re-cords ..................................................1775
11.29 S. 52-A—Particulars to be inclu-deed in [sound recording] and video films ................................................................................................1775
11.30 S. 52-B—Accounts and Audit ....................................................................1776
11.31 S. 53—Importation of infringing copies ....................................................1777
11.32 S. 53-A—Resale share right in original copies ...........................................1777
CHAPTER 12 CIVIL REMEDIES
12.1 S. 54—Definitions .......................................................................................1779
12.2 S. 55—Civil Remedies for Infringement of Copyright ............................1780
12.3 Infringement of copyright .........................................................................1780
12.4 “By way of injunction” ..............................................................................1781
12.5 Infringement of copyright—prima facie case ...........................................1782
12.6 Refusal to grant of injunction ....................................................................1783
12.7 Interlocutory injunction .............................................................................1783
12.8 Claim of injunction ....................................................................................1783
12.9 Grounds .....................................................................................................1784
12.10 Damages compensatory ............................................................................1785
12.11 Ascertainment of damages ........................................................................1785
12.12 Injunction only remedy .............................................................................1785
12.13 Offer of undertaking by the defendant ...................................................1786
12.14 Owner of copyright to be a party ............................................................1788
12.15 Enforcement of injunction .........................................................................1788
12.16 “Remedy by way of damages” .................................................................1788
12.17 ‘Remedies by way of accounts’ .................................................................1789 Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xix
12.18 Either account or damages, not both .......................................................1789
12.19 Amount of actual loss ................................................................................1790
12.20 Inspection and seizure of infringing copies ..............................................1790
12.21 Remedy in the case of groundless threat of legal proceedings ...............1790
12.22 S. 56—Protection of separate right ............................................................1791
12.23 S. 57—Author’s special rights ....................................................................1791
12.24 S. 58—Rights of owner against persons possessing or dealing with infringing copies .......................................................................................1792
12.25 S. 59—Restriction on remedies in the case of works of architecture ......1792
12.26 S. 60—Remedy in the case of groundless threat of legal proceedings ...1792
12.27 S. 61—Owner of Copyright to be Party to the proceeding ....................1793
12.28 S. 62—Jurisdiction of court over matters arising under this Chapter .....1793
12.29 Territorial Jurisdiction (Section 62) ...........................................................1793
CHAPTER 13 OFFENCES
13.1 S. 63—Offence of infringement of copyright or other rights conferred by this act ...............................................................................1797
13.2 Burden of proof .........................................................................................1798
13.3 Liability under the section .........................................................................1798
13.4 Video piracy ...............................................................................................1801
13.5 Offence of infringement of copyright when complete .............................1802
13.6 Stay of proceeding .....................................................................................1802
13.7 S. 63-A—Enhanced penalty on second and subsequent convictions ......1803
13.8 S. 63-B—Knowing use of infringing copy of computer programme to be an offence .......................................................................................1803
13.9 S. 64—Power of police to seize infringing copies ......................................1803
13.10 Police to seize if satisfied of infringement of copyright ...........................1803
13.11 S. 65—Possession of plates for purpose of making infringing copies ......1804
13.12 S. 66—Disposal of infringing copies or plates for purpose of making infringing copies .......................................................................................1804
13.13 S. 67—Penalty for making false entries in register, etc. for producing or tendering false entries .........................................................................1804
13.14 S. 68. Penalty for making false statements for the purpose of deceiving or influencing any authority or officer ..................................1804
13.15 S. 68-A—Penalty for contravention of sec. 52-A ......................................1805
13.16 S. 69. Offences by companies ...................................................................1805
13.17 Liability of partners ....................................................................................1805
13.18 Vicarious liability of Directors of the Company ......................................1805
13.19 Groundless accusation ...............................................................................1806
13.20 Burden of proof .........................................................................................1806
13.21 S. 70. Cognizance of offences ...................................................................1806
x x Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
CHAPTER 14 APPEALS
14.1 S. 71—Appeals against certain orders of magistrate ................................1807
14.2 S. 72—Appeals against Orders of Registrar of Copyrights and
Copyright Board .....................................................................................1807
14.3 S. 73—Procedure for appeals .....................................................................1808
CHAPTER 15
MISCELLANEOUS
15.1 S. 74—Registrar of copyrights and copyright board to possess certain powers of civil courts: .................................................................1809
15.2 S. 75—Order for payment of money passed by registrar of
copyrights and copyrights board to be executable as a decree ..........1809
15.3 S. 76—Protection of action taken in good faith ........................................1810
15.4 S. 77—Certain persons to be public servants ...........................................1810
15.5 S. 78—Power to make rules .......................................................................1810
15.6 S. 79—Repeals, savings and transitional provisions ..................................1811
Case Laws—Copyright on Artistic Work .................................................1813
Copyright on Cinematograph Film ..........................................................1850
Criminal remedies in Copyright ...............................................................1855
Copyright in dramatic work .....................................................................1859
Copyright in Literary Work ......................................................................1865
Copyright on Musical Work .....................................................................1875
Protection of software in Copyright .........................................................1879
Writs on Copyright ....................................................................................1855
App.1 The Copyright Act, 1957 ..........................................................................1887
App.2 The Copyright Rules, 1958 .......................................................................1940
App.3 The Indian Copyright Act, 1914 ..............................................................1972
App.4 The Copyright Act, 1911 ..........................................................................1976
App.5 The Cinematograph act, 1952 ..................................................................1994
App.6 The Cinematograph Act, 1918 .................................................................2012
App.7 The Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act, 1974 ......2022
App.8 The International Copyright Order, 1999 ..............................................2024
App.9 The Copyright (International Organizations) Order, 1958 ...................2032
App. 10 The Copyright Act, 1956 (UK) ................................................................2033
App. 11 Universal Copyright Revised Convention at Paris (1971) .....................2094
PART IX
THE TRADE MARKS ACT, 1999
Comparative Table of New (1999 Act) and Old (1958 Act) sections ....................2111
THE TRADE MARKS ACT, 1999
CHAPTER I—PRELIMINARY
1. Short title, extent and commence-ment. ...................................................2119
2. Definitions and interpretation ....................................................................2120 Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxi
CHAPTER II—THE REGISTER AND CONDITIONS FOR REGISTRATION
3. Appointment of Registrar and other officers ...........................................2145
4. Power of Registrar to withdraw or transfer cases, etc. ............................2145
5. Trade Marks Registry and offices thereof ...............................................2146
6. The Register of Trade Marks ...................................................................2147
7. Classification of goods and services .........................................................2148
8. Publication of alphabetical index ..............................................................2149
9. Absolute grounds for refusal of registration ............................................2149
10. Limitation as to colour ...............................................................................2174
11. Relative grounds for refusal of registration ..............................................2175
12. Registration in the case of honest concurrent use, etc .............................2180
13. Prohibition of registration of names of chemical elements or international non-proprietary names .......................................................2187
14. Use of names and representations of living persons or persons recently dead ...........................................................................................2187
15. Registration of parts of trade marks and of trade marks as a series ......2188
16. Registration of trade marks as associated trade marks ...........................2189
17. Effect of registration of parts of a mark ...................................................2190
CHAPTER III—PROCEDURE FOR AND DURATION OF REGISTRATION
18. Application for registration ........................................................................2193
19. Withdrawal of acceptance .........................................................................2196
20. Advertisement of application ....................................................................2197
21. Opposition to registration ..........................................................................2197
22. Correction and amendment ......................................................................2201
23. Registration ................................................................................................2202
24. Jointly owned trade marks ........................................................................2204
25. Duration, renewal, removal and restoration of registration .....................2204
26. Effect of removal from register for failure to pay fee for renewal ..........2206
CHAPTER IV—EFFECT OF REGISTRATION
27. No action for infringement of unregistered trade mark ..........................2207
28. Rights conferred by registration ...............................................................2224
29. Infringement of registered trade marks ...................................................2234
30. Limits on effect of registered trade mark ................................................2265
31. Registration to be prima facie evidence of validity .................................2268
32. Protection of registration on ground of distinctiveness in certain cases 2269
33. Effect of acquiescence ................................................................................2270
34. Saving for vested rights .............................................................................2270
35. Saving for use of name, address or description of goods or services ....2272
xxii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
36. Saving for words used as name or description of an article or substance or service ................................................................................2273
CHAPTER V—ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSMISSION
37. Power of registered proprietor to assign and give receipts .....................2276
38. Assignability and transmissibility of registered trade marks ..................2276
39. Assignability and transmissibility of unregistered trade marks ..............2277
40. Restriction on assignment or transmission where multiple exclusive rights would be created ..........................................................................2277
41. Restriction on assignment or transmission when exclusive rights would be created in different parts of India ..........................................2279
42. Conditions for assignment otherwise than in connection with the goodwill of a business .............................................................................2280
43. Assignability and transmissibility of certification trade marks ...............2281
44. Assignability and transmissibility or associated trade marks ..................2281
45. Registration of assignments and transmissions ........................................2281
CHAPTER VI—USE OF TRADE MARKS AND REGISTERED USERS
46. Proposed use of trade mark by company to be formed, etc .................2285
47. Removal from register and imposition of limitations on ground of non-use .....................................................................................................2286
48. Registered users .........................................................................................2296
49. Registration as registered user ..................................................................2298
50. Power of Registrar for variation or cancellation of registration as registered user .........................................................................................2299
51. Power of Registrar to call for information relating to agreement in respect of registered users ......................................................................2301
52. Right of registered user to take proceedings against infringement ........2301
53. No right of permitted user to take proceeding against infringement .....2302
54. Registered user not to have right of assignment or transmission ...........2303
55. Use of one of associated or substantially identical trade marks equivalent to use of another ....................................................................2303
56. Use of trade mark for export trade and use when form of trade connection changes .................................................................................2304
CHAPTER VII—RECTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF THE REGISTER
57. Power to cancel or vary registration and to rectify the register .............2306
58. Correction of register ................................................................................2315
59. Alteration of registered trade marks ........................................................2316
60. Adaptation of entries in register to amended or substituted classification of goods or services ...........................................................2317
CHAPTER VIII—COLLECTIVE MARKS
61. Special provisions for collective marks .....................................................2318 Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxiii
62. Collective mark not to be misl-eading as to character or signi-ficance ..2318
63. Application to be accompanied by regulations governing use of collective marks .......................................................................................2318
64. Acceptance of application and regulations by Registrar .........................2318
65. Regulations to be open to inspection ........................................................2319
66. Amendment of regulations ........................................................................2319
67. Infringement proceedings by registered proprietor of collective mark .2319
68. Additional grounds for removal of registration of collective mark ........2319
CHAPTER IX—CERTIFICATION TRADE MARKS
69. Certain provisions of this Act not applicable to certification trade marks ..........................................................................................................2320
70. Registration of certification trade marks. .................................................2320
71. Applications for registration of certification trade marks ........................2320
72. Consideration of application for registration by Registrar ......................2321
73. Opposition to registration of certification trade marks ...........................2321
74. Filing of regulations governing use of a certification trade mark ...........2321
75. Infringement of certification trade marks ................................................2322
76. Acts not constituting infringement of certification trade marks .............2322
77. Cancellation or varying of regi-stration of certification trade marks ......2323
78. Rights conferred by registration of certification trade marks .................2323
CHAPTER X—SPECIAL
PROVISIONS FOR TEXTILE GOODS
79. Textile goods .............................................................................................2325
80. Restriction on registration of textile goods ..............................................2325
81. Stamping of piece goods, cotton yarn and thread ..................................2325
82. Determination of character of textile goods by sampling .......................2326
CHAPTER XI—APPELLATE BOARD
83. Establishment of Appellate Board ............................................................2328
84. Composition of Appellate Board ..............................................................2328
85. Qualifications for appointment as Chairman, Vice-Chairman, or other Members ........................................................................................2329
86. Term of office of Chairman, Vice-Chairman and other Members .........2330
87. Vice-Chairman or senior-most Member to act as Chairman or
discharge his functions in certain circumstances ...................................2330
88. Salaries, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of
Chairman, Vice-Chairman and other Members. ...................................2331
89. Resignation and removal ...........................................................................2331
90. Staff of Appellate Board ............................................................................2332
91. Appeals to Appellate Board ......................................................................2332
92. Procedure and powers of Appellate Board. .............................................2334
93. Bar of jurisdiction of Courts, etc. ..............................................................2335
xxiv Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
94. Bar to appear before Appellate Board ......................................................2335
95. Conditions as to making of interim orders ..............................................2335
96. Power of Chairman to transfer cases from one Bench to another .........2336
97. Procedure for application for recti-fication, etc., before Appellate Board2336
98. Appearance of Registrar in legal proceedings ..........................................2336
99. Costs of Registrar in proceedings before Appellate Board .....................2337 100. Transfer of pending proceedings to Appellate Board .............................2337
CHAPTER XII—OFFENCES, PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE
101. Meaning of applying trade marks and trade descriptions ......................2339
102. Falsifying and falsely applying trade marks .............................................2340
103. Penalty for applying false trade marks, trade descriptions, etc ..............2342
104. Penalty for selling goods or providing services to which false trade mark or false trade descri-ption is applied .............................................2343
105. Enhanced penalty on second or subsequent conviction .........................2349
106. Penalty for removing piece goods, etc., contrary to section 81 .............2350
107. Penalty for falsely representing a trade mark as registered ....................2350
108. Penalty for improperly describing a place of business as connected with the Trade Marks Office ..................................................................2351
109. Penalty for falsification of entries in the register ......................................2351
110. No offence in certain cases ........................................................................2352
111. Forfeiture of goods ....................................................................................2352
112. Exemption of certain persons emp-loyed in ordinary course of business2353
113. Procedure where invalidity of regis-tration is pleaded by the accused ..2354
114. Offences by companies .............................................................................2355
115. Cognizance of certain offences and the powers of police officer for search and seizure ....................................................................................2355 116. Evidence of origin of goods imported by sea .........................................2357 117. Costs of defence or prosecution. ..............................................................2357 118. Limitation of prosecution ...........................................................................2357 119. Information as to commission of offence .................................................2358
120. Punishment of abetment in India of acts done out of India ...................2359
121. Instructions of Central Government as to permissible variation to be observed by criminal Courts ..................................................................2359
CHAPTER XIII—MISECELLANEOUS
122. Protection of action taken in good faith ...................................................2360
123. Certain persons to be public servants. .....................................................2360
124. Stay of proceedings where the validity of registration of the trade mark is questioned, etc ..................................................................2360
125. Application for rectification of register to be made to Appellate Board in certain cases ..............................................................................2361
126. Implied warranty on sale of marked goods .............................................2362
127. Powers of Registrar ....................................................................................2362
128. Exercise of discretionary power by Registrar ..........................................2364 Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxv
129. Evidence before Registrar .........................................................................2364
130. Death of party to a proceeding .................................................................2364
131. Extension of time .......................................................................................2364
132. Abandonment ............................................................................................2366
133. Preliminary advice by the Registrar as to distinctiveness .......................2366
134. Suit for infringement, etc., to be instituted before District Court ..........2367
135. Relief in suits for infringement or for passing off. ....................................2373
136. Registered user to be impleaded in certain proceedings ........................2387
137. Evidence of entries in register, etc., and things done by the Registrar ..2388
138. Registrar and other officers not compellable to produce register, etc ...2388
139. Power to require goods to show indication of origin ..............................2389
140. Power to require information of imported goods bearing false trade marks ..............................................................................................2390
141. Certificate of validity .................................................................................2390
142. Groundless threats of legal proceedings ..................................................2391
143. Address for service ....................................................................................2393
144. Trade usages, etc., to be taken into consideration ..................................2393
145. Agents.........................................................................................................2394
146. Marks registered by an agent or representative without authority ........2394
147. Indexes .......................................................................................................2395
148. Documents open to public inspection ......................................................2395
149. Reports of Registrar to be placed before Parliament ..............................2396
150. Fees and surcharge ....................................................................................2396
151. Savings in respect of certain matters in Chapter XII ..............................2396
152. Declaration as to ownership of trade mark not registrable under the Registration Act, 1908 ......................................................................2397
153. Government to be bound .........................................................................2397
154. Special provisions relating to applications for registration from citizens of convention countries ..............................................................2397
155. Provision as to reciprocity .........................................................................2398
156. Power of Central Government to remove difficulties .............................2399
157. Power to make rules ..................................................................................2400
158. Amendments.—The enactment specified in the Schedule shall be amended in the manner specified therein. .......................................2403
159. Repeal and savings ....................................................................................2403
The Schedule—Amendments ....................................................................2405
PART X
WORLD TRADE MARK LAWS
Introduction ................................................................................................................2410
Australia ...............................................................................................2410
China ...............................................................................................2411
Japan ...............................................................................................2412
Singapore ...............................................................................................2413
xxvi Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
Developments in pan-European trademark law and practice ..................................2415
Case law ....................................................................................................................2415
Courts examine the Internet ......................................................................................2416
Argentina ...............................................................................................2417
Brazil ...............................................................................................2418
Chile ...............................................................................................2418
America, this remains a contro-versial topic. ............................................................2419
United States ............................................................................................2419
Mexico ...............................................................................................2421
Canada ...............................................................................................2421
AUSTRALIA ..................................................................... 2422
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2422
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2422
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2423
4. Procedures ............................................................................2424
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2428
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2429
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2429
8. Online issues .........................................................................2430
BENELUX ........................................................................ 2430
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2430
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2431
3. Registered trademarks .........................................................2431
4. Procedures ............................................................................2432
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2436
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2436
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2436
8. Online issues .........................................................................2437
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2437
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2437
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2438
4. Procedures ............................................................................2439
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2442
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2443
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2443
8. Online issues .........................................................................2443
CANADA .......................................................................... 2443
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2443
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2444
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2445
4. Procedures ............................................................................2448
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2450
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2451
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2451
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxvii
8. Online issues .........................................................................2452
CHILE ....................................................................................................................2452
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2452
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2453
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2454
4. Procedures ............................................................................2455
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2456
6. Ownership changes—Legalization requirements .................2457
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2458
8. Online issues .........................................................................2458
CHINA ....................................................................................................................2458
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2458
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2459
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2460
4. Procedures ............................................................................2461
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2463
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2464
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2465
8. Online issues .........................................................................2465
CYPRUS ........................................................................... 2466
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2466
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2466
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2466
4. Procedures ............................................................................2467
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2470
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2471
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2472
8. Online issues .........................................................................2472
DENMARK ....................................................................... 2472
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2472
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2472
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2473
4. Procedures ............................................................................2474
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2475
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2476
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2476
8. Online issues .........................................................................2477
EI SALVADOR .................................................................. 2477
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2477
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2478
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2479
4. Procedures ............................................................................2480
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2482
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2483
xxviii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2484
8. Online issues .........................................................................2484
EU: ....................................................................................................................2484
1. Legal frame ...........................................................................2484
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2484
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2484
4. Procedures ............................................................................2486
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2490
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2492
7. Areas of ovelap with related rights .....................................2492
8. Online issues .........................................................................2492
FINLAND: ...............................................................................................................2492
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2492
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2493
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2494
4. Procedures ............................................................................2495
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2497
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2499
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2499
8. Online issues .........................................................................2499
FRANCE:.......................................................................... 2500
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2500
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2500
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2500
4. Procedures ............................................................................2502
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2504
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2506
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2506
8. Online issues .........................................................................2506
GERMANY: ............................................................................................................2507
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2507
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2508
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2509
4. Procedures ............................................................................2509
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2510
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2513
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2513
8. Online issues .........................................................................2513
GREECE:.......................................................................... 2513
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2513
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2514
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2514
4. Procedures ............................................................................2516
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2518
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxix
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements. ..................2520
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2520
8. Online issues .........................................................................2521
GUATEMALA: ......................................................................................................2521
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2521
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2521
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2522
4. Procedures ............................................................................2523
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2525
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2526
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2526
8. Online issues .........................................................................2527
HONG KONG: ......................................................................................................2527
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2527
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2527
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2528
4. Procedures ............................................................................2529
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2531
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2533
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2533
8. Online issues .........................................................................2534
HUNGARY: ...................................................................... 2534
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2534
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2535
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2536
4. Procedures ............................................................................2537
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2538
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2539
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2539
8. Online issues .........................................................................2539
INDIA: 2540
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2540
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2541
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2542
4. Procedures ............................................................................2544
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2545
6. Ownership changes—legalization re-quirements ..................2547
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2547
8. Online issues .........................................................................2548
INDONESIA: .................................................................... 2548
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2548
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2549
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2549
4. Procedures ............................................................................2549
xxx Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2551
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2552
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2552
8. Online issues .........................................................................2553
IRAN: ....................................................................................................................2553
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2553
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2553
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2553
4. Procedures ............................................................................2554
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2557
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2557
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2558
8. Online issues .........................................................................2558
IRELAND: ........................................................................ 2558
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2558
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2559
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2560
4. Procedures ............................................................................2560
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2562
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2564
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2565
8. Online issues .........................................................................2565
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2565
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2566
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2567
4. Procedures ............................................................................2568
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2570
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2571
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2571
8. Online issues .........................................................................2571
ITALY: ....................................................................................................................2572
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2572
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2573
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2573
4. Procedures ............................................................................2574
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2576
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2578
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2578
8. Online issues .........................................................................2579
JAMAICA: ........................................................................ 2579
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2579
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2580
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxxi
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2580
4. Procedures ............................................................................2582
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2585
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2586
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2586
8. Online issues .........................................................................2586
JAPAN ....................................................................................................................2586
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2586
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2587
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2588
4. Procedures ............................................................................2590
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2592
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2594
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2594
8. Online issues .........................................................................2595
KOREA: ........................................................................... 2595
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2595
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2596
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2597
4. Procedures ............................................................................2598
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2601
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2602
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2603
8. Online issues .........................................................................2603
MALAYSIA: ...................................................................... 2603
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2603
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2604
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2605
4. Procedures ............................................................................2606
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2608
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2609
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2610
8. Online issues .........................................................................2610
MEXICO:.......................................................................... 2611
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2611
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2611
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2612
4. Procedures ............................................................................2612
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2614
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2617
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2617
8. Online issues .........................................................................2618
PAKISTAN: ...................................................................... 2618
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2618
xxxii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2619
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2619
4. Registered marks ..................................................................2620
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2623
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2625
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2625
8. Online issues .........................................................................2625
PHILIPPINES: ................................................................... 2626
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2626
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2626
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2627
4. Procedures ............................................................................2628
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2629
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2631
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2631
8. Online issues .........................................................................2632
POLAND: ......................................................................... 2632
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2632
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2632
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2633
4. Procedures ............................................................................2635
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2637
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2638
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2638
8. Online issues .........................................................................2639
PORTUGAL: ..................................................................... 2639
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2639
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2640
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2640
4. Procedures ............................................................................2641
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2642
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2643
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2645
8. Online issues .........................................................................2646
ROMANIA: ....................................................................... 2646
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2646
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2647
3. egistered marks ....................................................................2647
4. Procedures ............................................................................2649
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2651
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2652
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2653
8. Online issues .........................................................................2653
SERBIA & MONTENEGRO:................................................. 2654
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2654
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxxiii
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2654
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2655
4. Procedures ............................................................................2656
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2657
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2658
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2658
8. Online issues .........................................................................2658
SINGAPORE: .................................................................... 2658
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2658
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2659
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2660
4. Procedures ............................................................................2662
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2664
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2665
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2666
8. Online issues .........................................................................2666
SOUTH AFRICA: ............................................................... 2667
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2667
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2667
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2668
4. Procedures ............................................................................2671
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2672
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2673
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2673
8. Online issues .........................................................................2674
SPAIN: ....................................................................................................................2674
I. Legal framework ..................................................................2674
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2675
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2676
4. Procedures ............................................................................2678
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2680
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2681
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2682
8. Online issues .........................................................................2682
SWITZERLAND: ............................................................... 2682
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2682
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2683
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2683
4. Procedures ............................................................................2685
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2686
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2688
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2688
8. Online issues .........................................................................2689
UK: ....................................................................................................................2689
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2689
xxxiv Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2690
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2690
4. Procedures ............................................................................2692
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2693
6. Ownership changes—legalization requirements ...................2694
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2694
8. Online issues .........................................................................2695
UNITED STATES:.............................................................. 2696
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2696
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2697
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2698
4. Procedures ............................................................................2698
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2700
6. Ownership changes—‘legalization requirements ..................2701
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2701
8. Online issues .........................................................................2702
VENEZUELA: ................................................................... 2703
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2703
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2703
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2704
4. Procedures ............................................................................2706
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2708
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2710
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2711
8. Online issues .........................................................................2711
VIETNAM:........................................................................ 2712
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2712
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2713
3. Registered trademarks .........................................................2714
4. Procedures ............................................................................2714
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2715
6. Ownership changes legalization requirements ....................2716
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2716
8. Online issues .........................................................................2717
PART XI
TRADE MARK IN SINGAPORE
Introduction ................................................................................................................2720
Rights Conferred by a Registered Trade Mark .......................................................2720
Other Marks ...............................................................................................................2720
Certification Mark ......................................................................................................2720
Collective Mark ..........................................................................................................2720
Marks used by Government Agencies (Rule 13) .....................................................2721
Benefits of Trade Mark Registration .........................................................................2721
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxxv
When to File ................................................................................................................2721
Priority Claim .............................................................................................................2721
Registrable Marks .......................................................................................................2721
Classification of Goods and Services ........................................................................2721
Unregistrable Marks ...................................................................................................2722
Identifying a Registered Trade Mark .......................................................................2723
Not Registering a Trade Mark ..................................................................................2723
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2723
Ownership and Rights ................................................................................................2723
Entitlement to a Trade Mark .....................................................................................2724
Term and Renewals ....................................................................................................2724
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2724
Ownership and rights: ................................................................................................2724
Proper and Continous Use ........................................................................................2724
Proper and Continous Use ........................................................................................2724
Infringement ...............................................................................................................2725
Well Known Marks .....................................................................................................2725
Enforcement ................................................................................................................2726
Falsely Representing Trade Marks as Registered .....................................................2727
Trade Marks and Internet Domain Names ..............................................................2727
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2727
Application Process ....................................................................................................2727
Filing an Application ...................................................................................................2728
Priority Claim .............................................................................................................2728
Address for Service ....................................................................................................2728
Estimated Processing Time ........................................................................................2728
Forms and Fees ...........................................................................................................2729
Application Submission ..............................................................................................2729
Business Hours ............................................................................................................2729
Payment Hours ...........................................................................................................2729
e-TradeMarks ..............................................................................................................2729
Process after Submission ............................................................................................2730
Formalities Examination .............................................................................................2730
Search ....................................................................................................................2730
Examination ................................................................................................................2731
Publication ..................................................................................................................2731
Opposition ...................................................................................................................2731
Summaries of the recent hearing decisions FAQ : How do I oppose the
registration of a trade mark? ..................................................................2731
After Registration .......................................................................................................2731
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2732
Notices and Information: ...........................................................................................2732
Mark Numbers Preceded by the Letter “L” ............................................................2737
Multiple Classes ..........................................................................................................2737
xxxvi Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
Representation of Marks ............................................................................................2737
Series Clause ...............................................................................................................2737
Question: Is the claim to priority (application filed in country A) in the
Singapore application valid? ...................................................................2738
Validity of Priority Claims .........................................................................................2739
Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 2005 ...................................................................2741
Trade Marks (International Registration) (Amendment) Rules 2005 .....................2742
Amendment of Trade Mark Forms ..........................................................................2742
Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2007 (Act No. 3/2007) ........................................2743
Some of the key amendments include ......................................................................2743
Division of an application for registration .................................................................2743
Relief Measures for Procedural Oversight ................................................................2743
Registration of Licence of Pending Trademarks ......................................................2743
Cautionary Notice on Unsolicited Mail about Unofficial Registration Services
(Circular No. 13/2007, dated 11 April 2007) ........................................2743
Translation of Non-English words (Circular No. 17/2007, dated 7 May 2007) .....2744
(B) Pertaining to Collective and Certification Marks ...............2744
(C) Pertaining to Forms ..............................................................2744
(D) Pertaining to e-Trademarks .................................................2745
(E) Pertaining to International Applications and Registrations
under the Madrid Protocol ...............................................2746
(F) Pertaining to the Classification of Goods and Services .....2748
Compliance with the International Classification of Goods and Services ...............2749
Precedents in Support of Specification ......................................................................2749
Vague descriptions in specifications ..........................................................................2750
Club [dining] services ................................................................................................2750
Consultancy Services ..................................................................................................2751
Desserts ....................................................................................................................2751
Executor services ........................................................................................................2751
Mail order services .....................................................................................................2751
Provision of information for business or domestic purposes in Class 38 ...............2751
Provision of user access time to the global computer network ...............................2752
Information on specific items .....................................................................................2752
Storage of data, information or documents ..............................................................2753
Provision of news ........................................................................................................2754
Interior decoration services (Circular No. 22/2006, dated 7 July 2006) ................2757
WIPO’s Recommendation No. 19 (Circular No. 25/2006,
dated 16 August 2006) ...........................................................................2757
WIPO’s Recommendation No. 20 (Circular No. 25/2006,
dated 16 August 2006) ...........................................................................2757
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2758
Classification of Goods and Services ........................................................................2758
Supplemental ICGS List .............................................................................................2758
Classes of Goods ........................................................................................................2758
Classes of Services ......................................................................................................2761
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents xxxvii
PART XII
THE COMMUNITY TRADE MARK
Introduction ................................................................................................................2762
Salient Features and Advantages of a Community Trademark ..............................2763
Single Registration Covers Twenty-Five Countries ..................................................2763
Classification of Goods and Services ........................................................................2763
Applicants ....................................................................................................................2763
Claiming Priority ........................................................................................................2763
Link with the Madrid Protocol ..................................................................................2763
Official Languages ......................................................................................................2763
Claiming the Seniority of a Trade mark Previously Registered in a Member
Country ....................................................................................................2764
Examination of Applications ......................................................................................2764
Search Reports ............................................................................................................2764
Oppositions .................................................................................................................2764
Appeals 2765
Converting an Application for a Community Trademark Registration into
National Applications ..............................................................................2765
Term ....................................................................................................................2765
Assignability and Licensing of Community Trademark Registrations ...................2765
Use Requirements .......................................................................................................2765
Courts Hearing Trademark Disputes Involving Community Registrations ...........2766
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................2766
PART XIII
MADRID SYSTEM FOR THE INTERNATIONAL
REGISTRATION OF MARKS
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks ....................................2768
Introduction ................................................................................................................2768
Who Can Use The Protocol System? .......................................................................2768
Protocol Member Countries ......................................................................................2768
Making an Application ...............................................................................................2769
Fees ....................................................................................................................2769
The Registration Procedure .......................................................................................2770
Territorial Extension ...................................................................................................2771
Dependence on the Home Registration ....................................................................2771
Replacement of a National Registration by an International Registration ..............2772
Renewal 2773
Assignment ..................................................................................................................2773
Grant of a Licence ......................................................................................................2773
Infringement ...............................................................................................................2773
Administrative Convenience ......................................................................................2773
Database Maintenance ................................................................................................2774
Protocol relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International
Registration ..............................................................................................2775
Article 1—Membership in the Madrid Union ..........................................................2776
Article 2—Securing Protection through International Registration ..........................2776
Article 3—International Application ...........................................................................2777
Article 3bis—Territorial Effect ....................................................................................2778 xxxviii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.—Contents
Article 3ter—Request for “Territorial Ext-ension” .....................................................2778
Article 4—Effects of International Registr-ation ........................................................2778
Article 4bis—Replacement of a National or Regional Registration by an Inter-national Registration .......................................................................2779
Article 5—Refusal and Invalidation of Effects of International Registration in Respect of Certain Contracting Parties ..................................................2779
Article 5ter—Copies of Entries in International Register; Searches for Anticipation’s; Extracts from International Register ..............................2781
Article 6—Period of Validity of International Registration; Dependence and Independence of International Registration ..........................................2781
Article 7—Renewal of International Registration ......................................................2782
Article 8—Fees for International Application and Registration ................................2782
Article 9—Recordal of Change in the Own-ership of an International Registration ..............................................................................................2783
Article 9bis—Recordal of Certain Matters Concerning an International Registra-tion .............................................................................................2783
Article 9ter—Fees for Certain Recordals ...................................................................2784
Article 9quarter—Common Office of Several Contracting States ............................2784
Article 9quinquies—Transformation of an International Registration into National or Regional Applications ..........................................................2784
Article 9sexies—Safeguard of the Madrid (Stockholm) Agreement ........................2784
Article 10—Assembly .................................................................................................2785
Article 11—International Bureau ................................................................................2786
Article 12—Finances ....................................................................................................2786
Article 13—Amendment of Certain Articles of the Protocol ...................................2786
Article 14—Becoming Party to the Pro-tocol—Entry into Force ..............................2787
Article 15—Denunciation ............................................................................................2788
Article 16—Signature; Languages; Deposi-tory Functions ........................................2788
PART XIV
DISPARAGEMENT
ON TRADEMARK LAWS
Introduction ................................................................................................................2790
Generic Disparagement ..............................................................................................2791
Whether Use of a Trademark in Comparative Advertising Constitutes
Infringement Of Trademark? .................................................................2793
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................2793
Case Laws on Disparagement ....................................................................................2793
1996 (16) PTC 393 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ......................................................2793
1999 (19) PTC 741—High Court of Calcutta ..........................................................2800
2003 (26) PTC 535 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ......................................................2808
2004 (29) PTC 401 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ......................................................2813
2005 (31) PTC 1 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ..........................................................2824
2006 (32) PTC 332(MRTPC—Del)—Monopolies & Restrictive Trade Practices
Commission, New Delhi ........................................................................2835
2001 (21) PTC 699 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ......................................................2845
2004 (29) PTC 1 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ..........................................................2868
2004 (29) PTC 401 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ......................................................2873
2006 (32) PTC 307 (Del)—High Court of Delhi ......................................................2884
2006 (32) PTC 677(Del)—High Court of Delhi .......................................................2896

The Author is a Partner in Kochhar & Co. He is a Law Graduate from University of Kolkata. His outstanding case arguments have been reported in Law Journals. He is also a registered Patent Agent with the Indian Patent Office. He speaks at various forums on intellectual property rights in India and in foreign countries. His area of specialisation is Intellectual Property Laws especially in enforcing Trade Marks and Patent rights. He has represented a number of multinational corporations (including Fortune 500 Companies) in protecting their Intellectual Property matters. His experience in Patent and Trade Mark includes Opinions on Patent and Trade Marks Search Reports,Opinions on issues relating to Patents and Trade Marks, Anti-Counterfeiting, Opposition and Rectification proceedings before the Registrar of Trade Marks and Revocation of Patents in High Court, Assignments, Licensing of Patents and Trade Marks. He has experience in matters relating to infringement of Trade Marks and Patents. His vast expertise also includes Patent Search, Drafting Patent Applications, Patents Management, Software Protection, Intellectual Property related Litigation including Disparaging, Design laws and in respect of laws pertaining to Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information. The author is a member and a group leader of the WSG Group Brand Management. He is also one of the lawyers located in the website of the Martindale Hubbell and is a regular contributor to Business Newspapers on IP related issues. He has also advised several Indian and Multinational Companies on a host of Corporate Law issues and Domain name Litigation. He has experience in handling matters before the Company Law Board and various other Regulatory Affairs. He speaks at various forums on intellectual property rights in India and in foreign countries and he also has his credit in the selection of his biography in the First
Edition of Marquis — Who’s Who in Asia.