Rama Sarma : Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws Volume 1

Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws satiate a long felt need of a comprehensive work that answers all the questions related to Intellectual Property and is one of its kind in India. A perusal of the book shows that the labour bestowed on it by the editors has not been spent in vain. Every page exhibits evidence of the industry, learning and judgment with which the work has been compiled. Treatment of the subject requires as much legal acumen as treatment for any other branch of law. The author has given an exhaustive and analytical exposition of the law as laid down in judicial decisions with his own comments.

The Indian Patent & Design Law—Contents
The Indian Patent & Design Law—Contents
COMMENTARY ON
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS WITH MODEL AGREEMENT
EDITION 2007
Contents
PART I
THE INDIAN PATENT LAW
PAGE
CHAP. 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Origin of the term patent 2
1.2 Meaning of the term patent 2
1.3 Object of Patent Law 2
1.4 Pricniples underlying the Patent Law in India 3
1.5 WTO and patent regime 4
1.6 Patents Act, 1970 4
1.7 Conventions and Treaties on Patents 6
1.8 The essential features of the Patents Act, 1970 6
1.9 The essential features of the Act are : 6
1.9.1 Patents in General 7
1.9.2 Objectives 8
1.9.3 Risks involved in developing inventions 9
1.9.4 Consultation with professionals 9
1.9.5 Utility Models 10
1.9.6 World Patent 10
1.9.7 Can an invention/product be protected 11
1.9.8 Are the benefits of IP (patents) to be ac-crued assured 12
1.9.9 Effects of IPR in the global economy in the post WTO era 12
1.9.10 The effect of IPR, especially patents, un-der WTO to India 12
1.9.11 The role of IPR in R&D and the transfer of technology 13
1.9.12 Modifications which are required in the patent legislations to meet future require-ments 13
1.9.13 Management of the portfolio of IPR 14
1.10 Protection of new inventions by patents 16
1.10.1 Background 16
1.10.2 Patents 16
1.10.3 Global scenario and the present trend 17
1.10.4 Meaning of the term “Patent” 17
1.10.5 Is a patent akin to a property 17
1.10.6 What rights the patents give to a patentee 18
1.10.7 Distinction between patented inventions & Know how 18
1.10.8 Utility of patent system 18
1.10.9 Early publication of Patent documents 20
1.10.10 What has the patent system ach-ieved? 21
1.10.11 Advantages of securing patents 21
1.10.12 Patents serve as incentives for enhancing inventiveness 22
1.10.13 International character of the patent sys-tem 22
1.10.14 What are the misconceptions about patents 23
1.10.15 Distinction between Patents & Trade Se-crets 24
1.10.16 Uniqueness of patent protection 24
1.10.17 Is it difficult to get a patent? 25
1.10.18 How much does it cost for getting a pat-ent 25
1.10.19 What is meant by the “term of a patent”? 25
1.10.20 What exactly the term “patent pending” means 26
1.10.21 Patentable subject matter 26
1.10.22 Distinction between process and product protection 27
1.10.23 Novelty 28
1.10.24 Guidelines for determining the novelty of an invention 30
1.10.25 Inventive step (Non obvio-usness) 30
1.10.26 Utility of the invention 32
1.10.27 Guidelines for determining the question of utility of an invention determined 32
1.10.28 Pitfalls to be avoided in patenting 33
1.10.29 Precautions to be taken for securing pa-tents 33
1.10.30 Validity/Merit of the invention disclosed in a patent 34
1.10.31 Filing of applications for patents 34
1.10.32 Co-operation between the inv-entor and the Patent Attorney/ professional 35
1.10.33 Early or Delayed filing 35
1.10.34 Broad or narrow claiming 36
1.10.35 Can disclose and claim narrowly 36
1.10.36 Can disclose broadly and claim narrowly 36
1.10.37 Can disclose and claim broadly 36
1.10.38 Need for the efficient management of the portfolio of IPR 37
CHAP. 2 DEVELOPMENT OF PATENT SYSTEM IN INDIA AND THE PATENT LAW CURRENTLY IN FORCE IN INDIA 38
2.1 Post Independence position 38
2.2 Enactment of Patents Act, 1970 39
2.3 Establishment of WTO and its effect on the Patents Act, 1970 39
2.4 Comprehensive amendment of the Patents Act, 1970 40
2.5 Declaration made at DOHA, known as Doha Declara-tion 40
CHAP. 3 PRELIMINARY 43
3.1 Scope of the Patents Act, 1970 43
3.2 What Constitute an invention under the Act 46
3.3 Similar definitions under Rules 1 & 2 49
3.4 Addresses and name of the contract persons of the Intellectual Property Offices 51
CHAP. 4 INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE 54
4.1 Patentable Inventions 55
4.2 Guidelines for identifying inventions 57
4.3 Inventions which are not patentable 58
4.4 In India, Sections 3 & 4 of the Act stipulate the inventions for which patents cannot be secured though they satisfy all the essential requirements of patentability 58
4.4.1 An invention which is frivolous or which claim anything obviously contrary to well established natural laws (Section 3(a)) 59
4.4.2 An invention, the primary or intended use or commercial exploitation of which would be contrary to law or morality or which causes serious prejudice to human, animal or plant life or health or to the en-vironment’ (Section 3 (b)) 59
4.4.3 The mere discovery of scientific principle or the formulation of an abstract theory or discovery of any living thing or non living substance occurring in nature (Section 3 (c)) 60
4.4.4 The mere discovery of a new property or mere new use for a known substance or of the mere use of a known process machine or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant. (Section 3 (d)) 61
4.4.5 A substance obtained by mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the properties of the components thereof or a process for producing such substance. (Section 3 (e)) 62
4.4.6 The mere arrangement and rearrangement or duplication of features of known devic-es each functioning independently of one another in a known way. (Section (f)) 62
4.4.7 A method of agriculture or horticulture (Section 3(h)) 63
4.4.8 Any process for medicinal, surgical cura-tive, prophylactic, diagnostic, therapeutic or other treatment of human to render them free of disease to increase their eco-nomic value or that of their products. (Section 3(i)) 63
4.4.9 Plants and animals other than microorgan-isms in whole or any part thereof includ-ing seeds varieties and species and essen-tially biological processes for production or propagation of plants animals (Section 3 (j)) 63
4.4.10 A computer program per se other than its technical application to industry or a com-bination with hardware (Section 3(k) 64
4.4.11 a mathematical method of a business me-thod or alogrithams (Section 3(ka)) 65
4.4.12 A literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation what-soever including cinematographic works and television production (Section 3(l)) 66
4.4.13 A mere scheme or rule or method of per-forming mental act or method of playing game (Section 3(m)) 66
4.4.14 Presentation of information (Section 3(n)) 66
4.4.15 Topography of integrated circuits (Section 3 (o)) 66
4.4.16 An invention which in effect, a traditional knowledge or which is an aggregation or duplication of known properties of tradi-tionally known component or components (Section 3(p)) 66
4.5 Inventions relating to atomic energy (Section 4) 67
4.6 Inventions relating to biotechnology 67
4.6.1 Meaning of the term “biotechnology” 67
4.6.2 Protection for living organisms 68
4.6.3 Difficulties in the case of inventions in biotechnology 68
4.6.4 Solutions to the difficulties 68
4.6.5 The Budapest Treaty 69
4.6.6 TRIPS Provisions 70
4.6.7 Scope of protection in the areas of bio-technology under the Act 70
4.6.8 Protection of plant varieties 71
4.6.9 General principles regarding protection of plant varieties 72
4.7 Inventions relating to Traditional knowledge 73
4.7.1 Prior art vis-a-vis traditional knowledge 73
4.7.2 Initiatives taken by the Govt of India 74
4.7.3 Methodology used for TKDL 75
4.7.4 Biopiracy 75
4.8 Inventions relating to Electronics 76
4.9 Inventions relating to Semi conductor, Integrated circuits and Lay out designs 76
CHAP. 5 APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS 77
5.1 Types of patents 78
5.1.1 Ordinary patent 78
5.1.2 Patent of addition 78
5.1.3 A patent granted under Convention Ag-reement 79
5.2 Who can apply for a patent? 79
5.3 Employer and employee relationship 79
5.4 General rule governing government employees 80
5.5 Meaning of the term “True & first Inventor”? The importance of naming the true and first inventor(s) in an application for patent 81
5.6 Effect of non inclusion of inventor(s) name(s) in the application 81
5.7 Criteria in determining true & first inventor(s) 82
5.8 Order of mentioning the names of the true and first inventors in the application 82
5.9 Differences in the naming of an author in a publica-tion and an inventor in an application for patent 82
5.10 Tips to determine the true and first some inventors 83
5.11 Additional information about True & first inventor 84
5.12 Maintenance of R&D Records 85
5.13 Form of application (Section 7) 86
5.14 Contents of the Application Form 87
5.14.1 Name and address of the applicants 87
5.14.2 Nationality of the applicants 87
5.14.3 Title of the invention 87
5.14.4 Proof of right to apply for the grant of a patent 87
5.14.5 Address for service 89
5.14.6 Advantages of appointing a Patent Attor-ney 90
5.14.7 Selection of a patent attorney 90
5.14.8 Date and signature 91
5.15 Meaning of the term “Appropriate Office” 91
5.16 Order of recording the applications 91
5.17 Undertaking regarding foreign applications (Section 8) 92
5.18 Objectives of filing the Statement & Undertaking on Form 3 93
5.19 Effect of non filing of the Undertaking in Form 3 94
5.20 Filing of application for patent 95
5.21 Meaning of the term “patent specification” & its im-portance 95
5.22 Types of patent specification 96
5.22.1 Provisional specification 96
5.23 Nature of the description in the provisional specifica-tion 97
5.24 Amendments to the contents of the provisional speci-fication 98
5.25 Advantages of filing a provisional specification 99
5.26 Examination of the application accompanied with a provisional specification 99
5.27 Filing of a single complete specification in respect of cognate inventions (Section 9(2)) disclosed in two or more provisional specifications 99
5.28 Effect of non filing of complete specification 100
5.29 Conversion of complete specification into provisional specification (Section 9(3)] 100
5.30 Post dating of the application [ Section 9(4)] 100
5.31 Date and signature 101
5.32 Declaration of Inventorship (Section 10(6) & Rule 13(6)) 101
5.33 Objective of filing declaration of inventorship 102
5.33.1 Complete specification 103
5.34 Distinction between Provisional & complete specifi-cations 103
5.35 Why the patent specification is not a know how? 104
5.36 Details of the contents of complete specification 104
5.37 Description regarding inventions involving biological materials 109
5.38 Specification in respect of a Patent of addition 109
5.39 Criteria for providing Examples in the specifications 109
5.40 Drawings 110
5.41 Models 111
5.42 Amendments of the complete specification 111
5.43 Statement of Claims 112
5.44 Unity of Inventions 113
5.44.1 What constitutes a single invention? 113
5.45 Priority dates of the claims 115
5.46 Filing of an abstract of the invention along with the specification 118
5.47 Drafting of patent specification 119
5.48 Leaving and serving documents (Rule 6) 120
5.49 Provision for any postal delay 121
5.50 Fees 122
5.51 Opening of an account in the Patent Office 123
5.52 General Procedure For Securing Patents 123
5.52.1 Documents required for filing and steps involved in the pro-cessing of the applica-tions. 123
5.52.2 Documents required for obtaining patents. 123
5.52.3 General procedure for securing and main-taining patents in India 124
5.53 Detailed procedure for securing patents in India 126
5.54 Notification of acceptance and grant 133
5.55 Invention open to public 133
5.56 Numbering of applications after acceptance (Rule 37) 133
5.57 Opposition of a patent (Section 25) 134
CHAP. 6 PUBLICATION & EXAMINATION OF THE APPLI-CATIONS 136
6.1 Publication of the application 136
6.2 Examination of the application 137
6.3 Report of the Examiner 138
6.4 Search for anticipation by previous publication and prior claim 138
6.5 Procedure in case of anticipation by prior publication 139
6.6 Procedure in case of anticipation by prior claiming 139
6.7 Amendment of the complete specification in case of anticipation 140
6.8 Powers of the Controller in cases of anticipation 140
6.9 Powers of Controller in case of potential infringe-ment 141
6.10 Power of the Controller for directing a reference to a specification 142
6.11 Examiner’s report and thereafter 142
6.12 Action to be taken by the applicants 142
6.13 Consideration of the report of the Examiner by the Controller 143
6.14 Power of the Controller to refuse the application 143
6.15 Power of the Controller to direct amendments in the specification 144
6.16 Refusal of the application 144
6.17 Filing of divisional application (Section 16) 144
6.18 Advantages of filing divisional application 145
6.19 Post dating of the application 146
6.20 Substitution of applicants (Section 20) 147
6.21 Procedure for substitution of applicants 147
6.22 Placing the application in order 148
CHAP. 7 REPRESENTATION AND OPPOSITION TO THE GR-ANT OF PATENT 151
7.1 Section 25 to 28 deal with matters relating to the Opposition to grant of a Patent 151
7.2 Safeguards provided in the patent legislations 152
7.3 Indian scenario for filing opposition to the grant of patents 152
7.4 Filing representation & opposition to the grant of a patent (Section 25) 153
7.5 Meaning of the term “Interested person” 156
7.6 Grounds available for filing an opposition to the grant of a patent 156
7.7 Constitution of Opposition Board 159
7.8 Various stages of opposition proceedings under the Act are explained below 159
7.8.1 Filing of Notice of Opposition 159
7.9 Filing of the Full Written Statement of Opposition 160
7.10 Reply Statement 161
7.11 Filing of further evidence to be left with the leave of the Controller 162
7.12 Form of affidavits 162
7.13 Number of copies of the documents to be supplied 163
7.14 Directions and inspection of documents 163
7.15 Admissions 164
7.16 Exhibits 164
7.17 Ground of wrongful obtaining 164
7.18 Ground of prior publication 166
7.19 Ground of prior claiming 167
7.20 Ground of prior public knowledge and prior public use 168
7.21 Ground of obviousness 168
7.22 Ground of “not an invention” under the Principal Act 172
7.23 Ground of insufficiency of description 172
7.24 Ground of non filing of Statement and Undertaking 173
7.25 Ground of non filing of the application within 12 months from the date of priority 174
7.26 Hearing (Rule 62) 175
7.27 Determination of costs 176
7.28 Application to be treated as application of the oppo-nent (Section 26(1) 176
7.29 Mention of the name of the inventor in the Patent (Section 28) 177
CHAP. 8 ANTICIPATION 179
8.1 Section 29 to 34 deals with Anticipation 179
8.2 Anticipation by previous publication (Section 29) 179
8.3 Anticipation by previous communication to Govern-ment (Section 30) 180
8.4 Anticipation by public display etc. (Section 31) 180
8.5 Action to be taken for deriving benefits of Section 31 181
8.6 What constitutes a Learned Society under the Act ? 181
8.7 Anticipation by public working (Section 32) 181
8.8 Anticipation by use and publication after filing appli-cation accompanied within provisional specification (Section 33) 182
8.9 No anticipation if circumstances were only as de-scribed in sections 29, 30 & 31 (Section 34) 182

CHAP. 9 PROVISIONS FOR SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENT-IONS 183
9.1 Section 35 to 42 of the Patents Act, 1970 lays down general provisions for secrecy information. 183
9.1.1 Secrecy directions relating to inventions relevant for defense purposes (Section 35) 183
9.2 Review of the secrecy directions (Section 36) 184
9.3 Consequences of secrecy directions (Section 37) 185
9.4 Revocation of the secrecy directions (Section 38) 186
9.5 No persons resident in India shall apply for patent outside India without prior permission(Section 39) 186
9.6 Liability for contravention of Section 35 & 39 (Sec-tion 40) 187
9.7 Objectives of Sections 35 to 42 187
9.8 Provision relating to Security to India 187
CHAP. 10 GRANT OF PATENTS & RIGHTS CONFERRED TH-EREBY 189
10.1 Grant and sealing of patent (Section 43) 189
10.2 Amendment of patent granted to a diseased applicant (Section 44) 190
10.3 Date of patent (Section 45) 190
10.4 Form, extent and effect of patent (Section 46) 191
10.5 Grant of patents subject to certain conditions(Section 47) 191
10.6 Rights of patentees(Section 48) 193
10.7 Limitations of patent Rights 193
10.8 Patent rights not infringed when used on foreign ves-sels etc. (Section 49) 193
10.9 Rights of co owners of patents (Section 50) 194
10.10 Powers of Controller to give dire-ctions to Co-owners (Section 51) 194
10.11 Procedure for the Hearing 195
10.12 Grant of patent to true and first inventor where it has been obtained by another by fraud (Section 52) 196
10.13 Term of patent (Section 53) 197
10.14 Maintenance of patents in force 197
10.15 Payment of renewal fees 198
CHAP. 11 PATENT OF ADDITION 199
11.1 Patent of addition : Meaning 199
11.2 Subject matter for patent of addition 201
11.3 Term of patent of addition (Section 55) 201
11.4 Renewal of patent of addition 202
11.5 Validity of patent of addition (Section 56) 202
CHAP. 12 AMENDMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND SPECIFI-CATIONS 203
12.1 Amendment of application and specification before the Controller (Section 57) 203
12.2 Amendment before acceptance 204
12.3 Amendment after grant 204
12.4 Practice followed by the Controller 206
12.5 Procedure for filing an Opposition for amendment 207
12.6 Amendment of specification before the High Court (Section 58) 207
12.7 Nature of amendments which may be allowed (Sec-tion 59) 208
CHAP. 13 RESTORATION OF LAPSED PATENTS 210
13.1 Effect of non payment of renewal fees 210
13.2 Restoration of lapsed patents (Section 60) 210
13.3 Procedure for restoration of a patent (Section 61) 211
13.4 Opposition to the restoration of lapsed patent 211
13.5 Rights of patentees of lapsed patents which have been restored (Section 62) 213
CHAP. 14 SURRENDER AND REVOCATION OF PATENTS 214
14.1 Surrender of Patents (Section 63) 214
14.2 Notice of opposition for the surrender of patent 215
14.3 Procedure for the opposition proceedings 215
14.4 Revocation of patents (Section 64) 215
14.5 Expression “publicly known or publicly used”—Requirements under section 220
14.6 Procedure for instituting revocation proceedings 223
14.7 Revocation of patent under the directions of the Cen-tral Government (Section 65) 223
14.8 Amendment of specification in revocation proceed-ings 223
14.9 Revocation of patent in public interest (Section 66) 224
CHAP. 15 REGISTER OF PATENTS 225
15.1 Register of patents and particulars to be entered in the Register (Section 67) 225
15.2 Register of patents open to public inspection (Section 72) 226
15.3 Alteration of name & address in the Register of Pa-tents 228
15.4 Entry of additional address of service in the Register of Patents 228
15.5 Rectification of Register of Patents (Section 71) 229
15.6 Assignments etc not valid unless in writing and regis-tered (Section 68) 230
15.7 Action of the Controller on receipt of the documents 233
15.8 Power of registered grantee to deal with the patent (Section 70) 233

CHAP. 16 PATENT OFFICE AND ITS ESTABLISHMENTS 234
16.1 Benefits of having branch offices of the Patent Office 235
16.2 Section 74(4) specifies that there shall be a seal of the Patent Office 235
16.2.1 Controller and other officers (Section 73) 235
16.3 Appointment of officers 236
16.4 Restrictions of the employees of the Patent Office (Section 75) 236
16.5 Officers and employees of the Patent Office not to furnish information (Section 76) 236
CHAP. 17 POWERS OF CONTROLLER 238
17.1 Section 77 to 81 deals with the powers of the Controller. 238
17.1.1 Powers of the Controller 238
17.2 Controller to have certain powers of civil court (Sec-tion 77) 239
17.3 Application for review of decisions or setting aside of the orders of the Controller (Section 77 (f) & (g)) 240
17.4 Power of Controller to correct clerical errors (Section 78) 241
17.5 Manner of giving evidence and the powers of Con-troller in respect thereof (Section 79) 242
17.6 Exercise of discretionary powers by the Controller (Section 80) 242
17.7 Disposal by Controller of applications for extension of time (Section 81) 243
CHAP. 18 EXCLUSIVE MARKETING RIGHTS 244
18.1 Agreement on TRIPs 244
18.2 The Patents (Amendment) Act, 1999 244
18.3 Grant of Exclusive Marketing Rights 244
18.4 Special Provision for selling, etc., by the Central Government 245
CHAP. 19 WORKING OF PATENTS, COMPULSORY LICENSES, LICENSES OF RIGHT AND REVOCATION 246
19.1 Definition of “Patented article & Patentee” 246
19.2 General principle applicable to the patented inven-tions under the Act (Section 83) 246
19.3 Grant of compulsory license 248
19.4 Meaning of the term “Compulsory license” 249
19.5 Matters which are to be taken into account by the Controller while con-sidering the application for the grant of compulsory licence 251
19.6 Revocation of Patent by the Controller for non work-ing 252
19.7 Power of the Controller to adjourn applications for compulsory license etc in certain cases 253
19.8 Procedure for dealing with applications under Sec-tions 84 & 85 254
19.9 Powers of the Controller in granting compulsory li-censes (Section 88) 254
19.10 Revision of terms and conditions of licence 255
19.11 General Purpose of granting compulsory licence 256
19.12 Terms & conditions of Compulsory licence 256
19.13 Licensing of related patents 258
19.14 Special provision for compulsory licenses on notification by the Central Government 258
19.15 Grant of Compulsory licence for the export of pa-tented pharmaceutical products in certain exceptional circumstances 259
19.16 Conditions to be satisfied to invoke Section 92A 260
19.17 Order of licence to operate as a deed between parties concerned 260
19.18 Termination of compulsory licence 260
19.19 Importance of provisions contained in Chapter XVI of the Act 261
19.20 Some suggestions for the future 262
CHAP. 20 USE OF INVENTIONS FOR PURPOSES OF GOVERN-MENT AND ACQUISITION OF INVENTIONS BY CE-NTRAL GOVERNMENT 264
20.1 Scope of the power to use by the Government 264
20.2 Meaning of the term “use of invention for purposes of Government” 265
20.3 Power of Central Government to use invention for purposes of Government (Section 100) 265
20.4 Rights of third parties in respect of use of invention for purposes of Government 266
20.5 Sharing of amount under the licence 267
20.6 Acquisition of inventions and patents by the Central Government (Section 102) 267
20.7 Reference to the High Court of disputes as to the use for purposes of Government (Section 103) 268
CHAP. 21 INFRINGEMENT OF PATENTS 270
21.1 Scope and meaning of the term Infringement 270
21.2 Jurisdiction of the Court 271
21.3 Find out everything about the infringing product 272
21.4 Send a sample of the product to your patent attorney to seek his advise 272
21.5 Find out everything you can about the infringing parties 273
21.6 Determine how big is the infringement issue? 273
21.7 Ascertain how will the infringer respond to your ac-tion? 273
21.8 Do not act in a haste and also do not allow your ego/emotion to take an upper hand 273
21.9 Burden of proof in case of suits concerning infringe-ment 273
21.10 Power of the court to make declaration as to non in-fringement 274
21.11 Power of court to grant relief in cases of groundless threat of infringement proceedings 275
21.12 Defenses in suits of infringements 276
21.13 Nature of reliefs in suits for infringements 276
21.14 The rights of exclusive licensees to take proceedings against infringements 277
21.15 The rights of licensees under Section 84 of the Act to take proceedings against infringements 277
21.16 Restriction on the powers of the court to grant dam-ages on account of profits in infringements 278
21.17 Certificate of validity of specification and cost of subsequent suit for infringement thereof 278
21.18 Relief for infringement of partially valid specification 279
21.19 Appointment of Scientific Advisers 281
21.20 Maintenance of Roll of Scientific Advisers 281
21.21 Qualifications for Scientific Advisers 282
21.22 Manner of making an application for inclusion in the roll of scientific adviser 282
21.23 Relaxation of the qualifications for appointment as Scientific Advisers 282
21.24 Removal of the name(s) of Scientific Adviser(s) from the Roll 282
21.25 Remuneration of Scientific Adviser 283
21.26 Importance of appointment of Scientific Advisers 283
CHAP. 22 APPEALS TO THE APPELLATE BOARD 284
22.1 Constitution of the Appellate Board (Section116) 284
22.2 Staff of the appellate Board (Section 117) 285
22.3 Procedure for making an appeal [Section 117(3)] 286
22.4 Bar of jurisdiction of courts etc 286
22.5 Procedure for the rectification of Register of Patents 286
22.6 Appearance of Controller in legal proceedings 287
CHAP. 23 PENALTIES 288
23.1 Section 118 to 124 deal with penalties and offences relating to patents and punishments provided for them. 288
23.2 Contravention of secrecy provisions relating to cer-tain inventions 288
23.3 Falsification of entries made in the Register of Patents 288
23.4 Unauthorized claim of patent rights 288
23.5 Wrongful use of the word “Patent Office” 289
23.6 Refusal or failure to provide information (Section 122) 289
23.7 Practice by non registered patent agents 289
23.8 Offences by Companies 290
23.9 Present relevance of the penalties prescribed in the Act 290
CHAP. 24 PATENT AGENTS 291
24.1 Register of Patent Agents (Section 125) 292
24.2 Qualifications for registration as patent agents (Sec-tion 126) 292
24.3 Saving provisions 293
24.4 Procedure for registering as a patent agent (Rule 109) 293
24.5 Examination for qualifying as a patent agent 293
24.6 Information about conducting Examination 294
24.7 Procedure for the registration of Patent Agents 294
24.8 Rights of a registered Patent Agent (Section 127) 295
24.9 Subscription & verification of certain documents by patent agents (Section 128) 295
24.10 Restriction on practice as patent agents (Section 129) 295
24.11 Disqualifications for registration as a patent agent (Rule 114) 296
24.12 Removal of the name of a patent agent from the Reg-ister of Patent Agents (Section 130) 296
24.13 Deletion of a name from the Register of Patent Agents 296
24.14 Restoration of names of persons removed from the Register of Patent Agents (Section 130 (2). 297
24.15 Power of the Controller to refusal to deal with certain patent agents (Section 131) 297
24.16 Alteration of name, address etc in the Register of Patent Agents 298
24.17 Notification of name, address etc in the Register of Patent Agents 298
24.18 Saving provisions in the Act in respect of other per-sons authorized to act as agents (Section 132) 298
CHAP. 25 INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 300
25.1 Notification of the Convention Countries (Section 133) 300
25.2 Notifications as to countries not providing for reci-procity 301
25.3 Convention application 301
25.4 Filing of single application in respect of cognate in-ventions filed in one or more Convention countries 302
25.5 Special provisions relating to Convention applications (Section 136) 303
25.6 Post dating of Convention application 303
25.7 Multiple priorities 304
25.8 Disclosure of the matter in an application 304
25.9 Furnishing of certified copies of specification & other documents 304
25.10 Documents which are in foreign language 305
25.11 Determination of the date of filing in the Convention country 305
25.12 Forms and fee for filing Convention application 305
25.13 Making a Convention application. 306
CHAP. 26 MISCELLANEOUS 307
26.1 Avoidance of certain restrictive con-ditions (Section 140) 307
26.2 Determination of certain contracts (Section 141) 308
26.3 Fees (Section 142) 309
26.4 Payment of renewal fees for a patent granted later than two years from the date of the patent 309
26.5 Restrictions upon the publication of specifications 310
26.6 Reports of the Examiners to be confidential 310
26.7 Publication of patent inventions 311
26.8 Directions not otherwise prescribed 312
26.9 Power of Controller to call information from paten-tees 312
26.10 Evidence of entries in the documents (Section 147) 313
26.11 Procedure for obtaining certified copies 314
26.12 Declaration by infant, lunatic or other disability (Section 148) 314
26.13 Services of notice etc by post 314
26.14 Security of costs 314
26.15 Transmission of orders of the Court to the Controller 315
26.16 Information relating to patents 315
26.17 Loss or destruction of patents 316
26.18 Reports of the working of the Act to be placed before the Parliament 316
26.19 Patents binding on the Government 317
26.20 Rights of Government to sell or use patented articles 317
26.21 Provision relating to Security of India 317
26.22 Form of Agency 317
26.23 Sale of costs 318
26.24 Power of High Courts to frame Rules 319
26.25 Power of Central government to frame Rules 319
26.26 Rules called Patents Rules, 2004 brought into force w.e.f 1-1-2005 and Patent Rules, 2006. 321
26.27 Transitional provisions 321
CHAP. 27 FILING OF APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS ABRO-AD WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO FILING OF IN-TERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS UNDER PATE-NT CO-OPERATION TREATY (PCT) 323
27.1 Filing applications for patent abroad 323
27.2 Selection of appropriate filing strategy 324
27.3 Modes of selection of filing route 325
27.4 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 327
27.5 Traditional Patent system 327
27.5.1 International Phase 328
27.5.2 PCT 328
27.5.3 PCT Chapter II 329
27.5.4 National Phase 329
27.6 Actions to be taken by the national patent offices of the individual selected countries 330
27.7 Table 1. Traditional Patent system 330
27.8 Table 2. PCT System 331
27.9 Table 3. The International application 331
27.10 Table 4. Time limits of the PCT system 331
27.11 Table 5. Advantages to PCT member States 332
27.12 Table 6. Advantages for Patent Offices 332
27.13 Table 7. Advantages to the applicants 333
27.14 International Bureau of WIPO 333
27.15 International application 333
27.16 Receiving Office (RO) 333
27.17 Designated Office 333
27.18 Elected Office 333
27.19 International Searching Authority (ISA) 334
27.20 The following are the recognized ISAs (Arranged in alphabetical order) 334
27.21 International Preliminary Examination Authority (IPEA) - Arranged in alphabetical order) 334
27.22 What is importance of filing the PCT application? 334
27.23 Where to file an international application? 335
27.24 When will the contents of the PCT application pub-lished ? 335
27.25 Is it required to make a request for conducting a Pre-liminary Examination ? 335
27.26 Indian scenario 335
27.27 Filing of an International application 337
27.28 Procedure for filing the PCT application by an Indian applicant in brief 341
27.29 Mode of payment of the fees 343
27.30 Actions to be taken after filing the PCT application 343
CHAP. 28 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS & TREATIES RE-LATING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) 346
28.1 Establishment of WIPO 346
28.2 Conventions administered by WIPO 347
28.2.1 Paris Convention for the protection of Industrial Property 347
28.3 Bernle Convention for Copyright (BCC) 347
28.4 Madrid Agreement concerning the International Reg-istration of Marks. 347
28.5 Nice Agreement concerning the Inter-national Classi-fication of Goods and service for the registration of Marks (Nice Union) 347
28.6 Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indication of Source of Goods 347
28.7 Locarno Agreement Establishing an In-ternational Classification for Industrial Designs (Locarno Union) 348
28.8 Hague Agreement concerning the international depo-sit of Industrial designs 348
28.9 Strasbourg Agreement concerning the International Patent Classification (IPC Union) 348
28.10 Vienna Agreement establishing an International Clas-sification of the figurative elements of marks. (Vienna Agreement) 348
28.11 Budapest Treaty on the international re-cognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of pa-tent procedure 348
28.12 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 349
28.13 International Convention for the protection of new Plant Varieties 349
28.14 Conventions not administered by WIPO. 350
28.14.1 European Patent Convention (EPC) 350
28.15 The African Regional Industrial Property Convention (OAPI) 350
28.16 The African Regional Industrial Property Organisa-tion (ARIPO) 351
28.17 The Cartagena Agreement Legislation on Industrial Property 351
CHAP. 29 INDIAN POSITION VIS–A–VIS WTO AND STRATE-GIES TO MEET THE CHALLENGES UNDER THE NEW IPR REGIME 352
29.1 Human resources Development 353
29.2 Technology infrastructure 353
29.3 Financial infrastructure 354
29.4 Legal Frame work & Enforcement mechanisms 354
29.5 Business support facilities 355
29.6 Draft of a National Policy on Indu-stry—Trade & IPR Intellectual Property 357
29.6.1 Preamble 357
29.6.2 Intellectual Property(IP) 357
29.6.3 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 357
29.6.4 Benefits of IPR 357
29.6.5 Objectives of the Policy 358
29.6.6 Strategy for implementing the Policy 358
CHAP. 30 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 360
30.1 Filing Applications for Patent Abroad 360
30.2 Selection of appropriate filing strategy 361
30.3 Modes of selection of filing route 362
30.4 Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT) 364
30.5 Traditional Patent system 364
30.6 International Phase 365
30.7 PCT Chapter I 365
30.8 PCT Chapter II 366
30.9 National Phase 366
30.9.1 Table 1. Traditional Patent system 367
30.9.2 Table 2. PCT System 367
30.9.3 Table 3. The International application 368
30.9.4 Table 4. Time limits of the PCT system 368
30.9.5 Table 5. Advantages to PCT member States 369
30.9.6 Table 6. Advantages for Patent Offices 369
30.9.7 Table 7. Advantages to the applicants 370
30.10 International Bureau of WIPO 370
30.11 International application 370
30.12 Receiving Office (RO) 370
30.13 Designated Office 370
30.14 Elected Office 370
30.15 International Searching Authority (ISA) 371
30.16 Recognized ISAs 371
30.17 International Preliminary Examination Authority (IPEA)—Arranged in alphabetical order) 371
30.18 It is to be specifically noted that the Spanish Patent and Trade Marks Office is not a IPEA although it is recognized as a ISA. 371
30.19 What is importance of filing the PCT application? 371
30.20 Where to file an international application? 372
30.21 When will the contents of the PCT application pub-lished ? 372
30.22 Is it required to make a request for conducting a Pre-liminary Examination ? 372
30.23 Indian scenario 372
30.24 Filing of an International application 374
30.25 Procedure for filing the PCT application by an Indian applicant in brief 378
30.26 The List of fees to be paid for filing PCT application 379
30.27 Mode of payment of the fees 380
30.28 Actions to be taken after filing the PCT application 380
CHAP. 31 PATENT INFORMATION 383
31.1 Introduction 383
31.2 Importance of Patents as an unique source of scientif-ic information 385
31.3 Objectives of the patent system 386
31.4 Beneficiaries of patent information 386
31.5 Volume of patent documents 386
31.6 Classification of patent documents 387
31.7 Indian Classification System 387
31.8 Use of Patent information 388
31.9 Sources of patent information 388
31.10 Retrieval of patent information 389
31.11 Strategy to be followed for retrieving the information 389
31.12 Facilities available in India 389
CHAP. 32 THE NEW IPR REGIME 392
32.1 Salient Features of Patent (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 392
32.1.1 The main features of Patent (Amendment) Ordinance 2004 and the modified Patent Rules 2003 392
32.2 Salient Features of the Patent Rules 2003 and the Amendment effected to the Rules in 2005 395
CHAP. 33 CONVERTING IP INTO WEALTH 404
33.1 Importance of valuation of IPRs 404
33.2 The common mistakes committed by inventors 405
33.3 How to determine as to whether an invention is mar-ketable ? 405
33.4 Should the IP be sold or licensed ? What are the ad-vantages of licensing? Is licensing the IP the way to get profit there from ? 406
33.5 What are the criteria which are to be looked into while considering licensing 406
33.6 Who are the key persons to seek advice for conduct-ing market research survey ? 407
33.7 What is meant by Consumer product pipe line ? 407
CHAP. 34 MODEL AGREEMENTS 408
Annex. 1: Agreement to Sell Patent Rights Applied for, But Not Yet Granted 408
Annex. 2: Agreement to Sell Patent Rights 411
Annex. 3: Assignment of Patent Rights (In Part) 413
Annex. 4: Assignment of Patent Rights (Absolute) 416
Annex. 5: Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement 419
PART II
DESIGN LAW
CHAP. 35 INTRODUCTION 423
35.1 Designs 423
35.2 Advantages of Design Registration 423
35.3 Requirements for registration 424
35.4 Scope of design 424
35.5 Registration of a Design 424
35.6 Priority Date in case of Convention Applications 425
35.7 Cancellation 425
35.8 Time Limit 425
35.9 Inspection 425
35.10 Fees 425
35.11 Application Procedure 426
35.12 Procedure for Registration 426
35.13 Novelty 427
35.14 Disclaimers 427
35.15 Guidelines for the preparation of representation sheet 427
35.16 Classification of designs in classes 429
35.17 Member countries of World Trade Organisation 429
35.18 Countries party of the Paris Convention 431
CHAP. 36 CASE LAWS ON DESIGNS 433
36.1 Case Laws on Designs 433
PART III
PATENT LAW RELATED
APPENDICES
APP. 1 THE PATENTS ACT, 1970 443
Statement of Objects and Reasons 446
Amendment Act 38 of 2002—Statement of Objects and Reasons 446
Amendment Act 15 of 2005—Statement of Objects and Reasons 447
Chapter I—Preliminary
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 449
S. 2. Definitions and interpretation 449
Chapter II—Inventions Not Patentable
S. 3. What are not inventions 451
S. 4. Inventions relating to atomic energy not patentable 452
S. 5. Inventions where only methods or processes of manufacture patentable 453
Chapter III—Applications For Patents
S. 6. Persons entitled to apply for patents 453
S. 7. Form of application 453
S. 8. Information and undertaking regarding foreign appli-cations 453
S. 9. Provisional and complete specifications 454
S. 10. Contents of specifications 455
S. 11. Priority dates of claims of a complete specification 456
Chapter IV—Publication and Examination of Applica-tions
S. 11A. Publication of application 457
S. 11B. Request for examination 458
S. 12. Examination of application 459
S. 13. Search for anticipation by previous publication and by prior claim 459
S. 14. Consideration of report of examiner by Controller 460
S. 15. Power of Controller to refuse or require amended applications, etc., in certain cases 460
S. 16. Power of Controller to make orders respecting divi-sion of application 460
S. 17. Power of Controller to make orders respecting dating of application 460
S. 18. Powers of Controller in cases of anticipation 461
S. 19. Powers of Controller in cases of potential infringe-ment 461
S. 20. Powers of Controller to make orders regarding substitution of applicants, etc. 462
S. 21. Time for putting application in order for acceptance. 463
S. 22. Acceptance of complete specification 463
S. 23. Advertisement of acceptance of complete specifica-tion 464
S. 24. Effect of acceptance of complete specification 464
Chapter V—Opposition Proceedings to Grant of Patents
S. 25. Opposition to grant of patent 465
S. 26. In cases of “obtaining” Controller may treat applica-tion as application of opponent 469
S. 27. Refusal of patent without opposition 469
S. 28. Mention of inventor as such in patent 469
Chapter VI—Anticipation
S. 29. Anticipation by previous publication 470
S. 30. Anticipation by previous communication to Govern-ment 471
S. 31. Anticipation by public display, etc. 471
S. 32. Anticipation by public working. 471
S. 33. Anticipation by use and publication after provisional specification 471
S. 34. No anticipation if circumstances are only as described in sections 29,30, 31 and 32 472
Chapter VII—Provisions for Secrecy of Certain Inventions
S. 35. Secrecy directions relating to inventions relevant for defence purposes. 472
S. 36. Secrecy directions to be periodically reviewed. 472
S. 37. Consequences of secrecy directions. 473
S. 38. Revocation of secrecy directions and extension of time. 473
S. 39. Residents not to apply for patents outside India with-out prior permission. 473
S. 40. Liability for contravention of section 35 or section 39. 474
S. 41. Finality of orders of Controller and Central Govern-ment. 474
S. 42. Savings respecting disclosure to Government. 474
Chapter VIII—Grant of Patents and Rights Conferred Thereby
S. 43. Grant and sealing of patent. 474
S. 44. Amendment of patent granted to deceased applicant. 475
S. 45. Date of patent 475
S. 46. Form—extent and effect of patent. 476
S. 47. Grant of patents to be subject to certain conditions. 476
S. 48. Rights of patentees. 476
S. 49. Patent rights not infringed when used on foreign ves-sels, etc., temporarily or accidentally in India. 476
S. 50. Rights of co-owners of patents. 477
S. 51. Power of Controller to give directions to co-owners. 477
S. 52. Grant of patent to true and first inventor where it has been obtained by another in fraud of him. 478
S. 53. Term of patent. 478
Chapter IX—Patents of Addition
S. 54. Patents of addition 479
S. 55. Term of patents of addition. 479
S. 56. Validity of patents of addition. 479
Chapter X—Amendment of Applications and Specifications
S. 57. Amendment of application and specification [or any document relating thereto] before Controller. 480
S. 58. Amendment of specification before Appellate Board or High Court. 480
S. 59. Supplementary provisions as to amendment of appli-cation or specification. 481
Chapter XI—Restoration of Lapsed Patents
S. 60. Applications for restoration of lapsed patents. 482
S. 61. Procedure for disposal of applications for restoration of lapsed patents. 482
S. 62. Rights of patentees of lapsed patents which have been restored. 482
Chapter XII—Surrender and Revocation of Patents
S. 63. Surrender of patents. 483
S. 64. Revocation of patents. 483
S. 65. Revocation of patent or amendment of complete spe-cification on directions from Government in cases re-lating to atomic energy. 485
S. 66. Revocation of patent in public interest. 485
Chapter XIII—Register of Patents
S. 67. Register of patents and particulars to be entered therein. 485
S. 68. Assignments, etc., not to be valid unless in writing and duly executed 486
S. 69. Registration of assignments, transmissions, etc. 486
S. 70. Power of registered grantee or proprietor to deal with patent. 487
S. 71. Rectification of register by [Appellate Board]. 487
S. 72. Register to be open for inspection. 487
Chapter XIV Patent Office and its Establishment
S. 73. Controller and other officers. 488
S. 74. Patent office and its branches. 488
S. 75. Restriction on employees of patent office as to right or interest in patents. 488
S. 76. Officers and employees not to furnish information, etc. 488
Chapter XV—Powers of Controller Generally
S. 77. Controller to have certain powers of a civil court. 489
S. 78. Power of Controller to correct clerical errors, etc. 489
S. 79. Evidence how to be given and powers of Controller in respect thereof. 489
S. 80. Exercise of discretionary powers by Controller. 490
S. 81. Disposal by Controller of applications for extension of time. 490
Chapter XVI—Working of Patents, Compulsory Li-cences, and Revocation
S. 82. Definitions of “patented articles” and “patentee”. 490
S. 83. General principles applicable to working of patented inventions. 490
S. 84. Compulsory licences. 490
S. 85. Revocation of Patents by the Contraller for working 492
S. 86. Power of Controller to adjourn applications for com-pulsory licence etc., in certain cases 492
S. 87. Procedure for dealing with applications under sec-tions 84 and 85 493
S. 88. Powers of Controller in granting compulsory licences 493
S. 89. General purposes for granting compulsory licences 493
S. 90. Terms and conditions of compulsory licences 494
S. 91. Licensing of related patents 494
S. 92. Special provision for compulsory licences on notification by Central Government 495
S. 92A. Compulsory licence for export of Patented Pharma-ceutical Products in certain exceptional circumstances 495
S. 93. Order for licence to operate as a deed between parties concerned 496
S. 94. Termination of compulsory licence 496 Ss. 95-98 [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act 2002,
S. 39 due to substitution of Chap. XVI, Ss. 82 to 98 with new sections 82 to 94] 496
Chapter XVII—Use of Inventions for Purposes of Gov-ernment and Acquisition of Inventions by Central Government
S. 99. Meaning of use of invention for purposes of Govern-ment 496
S. 100. Power of Central Government to use inventions for purposes of Government 496
S. 101. Rights of third parties in respect of use of invention for purposes of Government 497
S. 102. Acquisition of inventions and patents by the Central Government 498
S. 103. Reference to High Court of disputes as to use for purposes of Government 499
Chapter XVIII—Suits Concerning Infringement of Patents
S. 104. Jurisdiction 499
S. 104A. Burden of Proof in case of suits concerning infringe-ment 500
S. 105. Power of court to make declaration as to non-infringement 500
S. 106. Power of Court to grant relief in cases of groundless threats of infringement proceedings 500
S. 107. Defences, etc., in suits for infringement 501
S. 107A. Certain acts not be considered as infringement 501
S. 108. Reliefs in suits for infringement 501
S. 109. Right of exclusive licensee to take proceedings against infringement 501
S. 110. Right of licensee under section 84 to take proceedings against infringement 501
S. 111. Restriction on power of court to grant damages or account of profits for infringement 501
S. 112. Restriction on power of court to grant injunction in certain cases 502
S. 113. Certificate of validity of specification and costs of subsequent suits for infringement thereof 502
S. 114. Relief for infringement of partially valid specification 503
S. 115. Scientific advisers 503
Appeals to the Appellate Board
S. 116. Appellate Board 503
S. 117. Staff of Appellate Board 504
S. 117A. Appeals to Appellate Board 604
S. 117B. Procedure and powers of Appellate Board 504
S. 117C. Bar of Jurisdiction of courts, etc. 504
S. 117D. Procedure for application for rectification, etc., before Appellate Board 504
S. 117E. Appearance of controller in legal proceedings 504
S. 117F. Cost of controller in proceedings before Appellate Board 505
S. 117G. Transfer of Pending Proceedings to Appellate Board 505
Chapter XX—Penalties
S. 118. Contravention of secrecy provisions relating to cer-tain inventions 505
S. 119. Falsification of entries in register, etc. 505
S. 120. Unauthorised claim of patent rights. 506
S. 121. Wrongful use of words “patent office”. 506
S. 122. Refusal or failure to supply information. 506
S. 123. Practice by non-registered patent agents. 506
S. 124. Offences by companies. 506
Chapter XXI—Patent Agents
S. 125. Register of patent agents. 507
S. 126. Qualifications for registration as patent agents. 507
S. 127. Rights of patent agents. 507
S. 128. Subscription and verification of certain documents by patent agents. 508
S. 129. Restrictions on practice as patent agents. 508
S. 130. Removal from register of patent agents and restora-tion. 508
S. 131. Power of Controller to refuse to deal with certain agents. 508
S. 132. Savings in respect of other persons authorised to act as agents. 509
Chapter XXII—International Arrangements
S. 133. Convention countries. 509
S. 134. Notification as to countries not providing for reci-procity. 509
S. 135. Convention applications. 509
S. 136. Special provisions relating to convention applications. 510
S. 137. Multiple priorities. 510
S. 138. Supplementary provisions as to convention applica-tions. 510
S. 139. Other provisions of Act to apply to convention appli-cations. 511
Chapter XXIII—Miscellaneous
S. 140. Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions. 511
S. 141. Determination of certain contracts. 512
S. 142. Fees. 512
S. 143. Restrictions upon publication of specifications. 513
S. 144. Reports of examiners to be confidential. 513
S. 145. Publication of official journal. 513
S. 146. Power of Controller to call for information from patentees. 513
S. 147. Evidence of entries, documents, etc. 513
S. 148. Declaration by infant, lunatic, etc. 514
S. 149. Service of notices, etc., by post. 514
S. 150. Security for costs. 514
S. 151. Transmission of orders of courts to Controller. 514
S. 152. Transmission of copies of specifications, etc., and inspection thereof. 514
S. 153. Information relating to patents. 514
S. 154. Loss or destruction of patents. 514
S. 155. Reports of Controller to be placed before Parliament. 515
S. 156. Patent to bind Government. 515
S. 157. Right of Government to sell or use forfeited articles. 515
S. 157A. Protection of security of India 515
S. 158. Power of High Courts to make rules. 515
S. 159. Power of Central Government to make rules. 515
S. 160. Rules to be placed before Parliament. 517
S. 161. Special provisions with respect to certain applications deemed to have been refused under Act 2 of 1911 517
S. 162. Repeal of Act 2 of 1911 in sofaras it relates to patents and savings 518
S. 163. Amendment of Act 43 of 1958 518
The Schedule—Amendments to the Indian Patents and De-signs Act, 1911 518
Annex.—Working of Patents Compulsory Licences, Licences of Right and Revocation 521
Notification—Ministry of Commerce and Industry 527
APP. 2 THE PATENTS (AMENDMENT) ORDINANCE, 1994 528
1. Short title and commencement 528
2. Amendment of section 5 528
3. Insertion of new Chapter IVA 528
4. Omission of section 39 530
5. Amendment of section 40 530
6. Amendment of section 64 530
7. Amendment of section 118 530
APP. 3 THE PATENTS (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005 531
Statement of Objects and Reasons 531
S. 1. Short title and commencement 532 Notes on Clause 532
S. 2. Amendment of section 2 533 Notes on Clause 533
S. 3. Amendment of section 3 533
S. 4. Omission of section 5 534 Notes on Clause 534
S. 5. Amendment of section 7 534 Notes on Clause 534
S. 6. Amendment of section 8 535 Notes on Clause 535
S. 7. Amendment of section 9 535 Notes on Clause 536
S. 8. Amendment of section 10 536 Notes on Clause 536
S. 9. Amendment of section 11 536 Notes on Clause 536
S. 10. Amendment of section 11-A 537 Notes on Clause 537
S. 11. Amendment of section 11-B 537 Notes on Clause 538
S. 12. Amendment of section 12 538 Notes on Clause 538
S. 13. Amendment of section 13 539 Notes on Clause 539
S. 14. Substitution of new sections for sections 14 and 15 539 Notes on Clause 539
S. 15. Amendment of section 16 539
S. 16. Amendment of section 17 540 Notes on Clause 540
S. 17. Amendment of section 18 540 Notes on Clause 540
S. 18. Amendment of section 19 540 Notes on Clause 540
S. 19. Substitution of new section for section 21 540 Notes on Clause 541
S. 20. Omission of sections 22 to 24 541 Notes on Clause 541
S. 21. Omission of Chapter IV-A 541 Notes on Clause 541
S. 22. Substitution of new heading for heading of Chapter V 541 Notes on Clause 541
S. 23. Substitution of new sections for sections 25 and 26 541 Notes on Clause 544
S. 24. Omission of section 27 544 Notes on Clause 544
S. 25. Amendment of section 28 544 Notes on Clause 545
S. 26. Amendment of section 31 545 Notes on Clause 545
S. 27. Amendment of section 34 545 Notes on Clause 545
S. 28. Amendment of section 35 545 Notes on Clause 545
S. 29. Amendment of section 36 545 Notes on Clause 545
S. 30. Amendment of section 37 545 Notes on Clause 546
S. 31. Substitution of new section for section 39 546 Notes on Clause 546
S. 32. Substitution of heading of Chapter VIII 546 Notes on Clause 546
S. 33. Substitution of new section for section 43 546 Notes on Clause 547
S. 34. Amendment of section 44 547 Notes on Clause 547
S. 35. Amendment of section 45 547 Notes on Clause 547
S. 36. Amendment of section 48 547 Notes on Clause 547
S. 37. Amendment of section 52 547 Notes on Clause 547
S. 38. Amendment of section 53 548 Notes on Clause 548
S. 39. Amendment of section 54 548 Notes on Clause 548
S. 40. Amendment of section 57 548 Notes on Clause 549
S. 41. Substitution of new section 58 549 Notes on Clause 549
S. 42. Amendment of section 59 549 Notes on Clause 549
S. 43. Amendment of section 60 550 Notes on Clause 550
S. 44. Amendment of section 61 550 Notes on Clause 550
S. 45. Amendment of section 62 550 Notes on Clause 550
S. 46. Amendment of section 63 550 Notes on Clause 550
S. 47. Amendment of section 64 550 Notes on Clause 550
S. 48. Substitution of new section for section 65 550 Notes on Clause 551
S. 49. Substitution of new section for section 68 551 Notes on Clause 551
S. 50. Amendment of section 74 551 Notes on Clause 551
S. 51. Amendment of section 78 551 Notes on Clause 551
S. 52. Amendment of section 84 551
S. 53. Amendment of section 87 551 Notes on Clause 552
S. 54. Amendment of section 90 552 Notes on Clause 552
S. 55. Insertion of new section 92-A 552 Notes on Clause 552
S. 56. Amendment of section 100 552 Notes on Clause 552
S. 57. Amendment of section 105 553 Notes on Clause 553
S. 58. Amendment of section 107-A 553 Notes on Clause 553
S. 59. Amendment of section 113 553 Notes on Clause 553
S. 60. Amendment of section 116 553 Notes on Clause 554
S. 61. Amendment of section 117-A 554 Notes on Clause 554
S. 62. Amendment of section 117-D 554 Notes on Clause 554
S. 63. Substitution of new section for section 117-G 554 Notes on Clause 554
S. 64. Amendment of section 120 554 Notes on Clause 554
S. 65. Amendment of section 122 554 Notes on Clause 555
S. 66. Amendment of section 123 555 Notes on Clause 555
S. 67. Amendment of section 126 555 Notes on Clause 555
S. 68. Substitution of new section for section 133 555 Notes on Clause 555
S. 69. Amendment of section 135 555 Notes on Clause 555
S. 70. Amendment of section 138 556 Notes on Clause 556
S. 71. Amendment of section 142 556 Notes on Clause 556
S. 72. Substitution of new section for section 143 556 Notes on Clause 556
S. 73. Substitution of new section for section 145 556 Notes on Clause 556
S. 74. Amendment of section 151 557 Notes on Clause 557
S. 75. Omission of section 152 557
S. 76. Amendment of section 159 557 Notes on Clause 557
S. 77. Omission of section 163 558 Notes on Clause 558
S. 78. Transitional provision 558 Notes on Clause 558
S. 79. Repeal and saving 558 Note of Clause 558
APP. 4 NOTIFICATION OF CONVENTION COUNTRIES 559
Table 559
APP. 5 NOTIFICATION OF JURISDICTION OF PATENT OFFIC-ES 561
Notifn. No. S.O. 566(E), Dated 26-8-1972 561
APP. 6 RULES OF THE HIGH COURTS UNDER THE PAT-ENTS ACT, 1970 562
Calcutta High Court 562
Rules under The Patents Act, 1970 562
APP. 7 FORM OF NOTICES OF APPEAL UNDER RULE 11 OF THE HIGH COURT AT CALCUTTA, SPECIAL JURISDIC-TION, ORIGINAL SIDE 566
APP. 8 THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT, 1962 567
Definitions and Interpretations 567
Special provisions as to inventions 567
APP. 9 THE PATENT RULES, 2003 569
Chapter I—Preliminary
R. 1. Short title and commencement 569
R. 2. Definitions 569
R. 3. Prescribed particulars 569
R. 4. Appropriate office 570
R. 5. Address for service 570
R. 6. Leaving and serving documents 570
R. 7. Fees 571
R. 8. Forms 572
R. 9. Size, etc., of documents 572
Chapter II—Application for Patents
R. 10. Period within which proof of the right under section 7(2) to make the application shall be furnished 572
R. 11. Order of recording applications 572
R. 12. Statement and undertaking regarding foreign applica-tions 572
R. 13. Specifications 573
R. 14. Amendments to specifications 574
R. 15. Drawings 574
R. 16. Models 574
Chapter III—International Applications under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
R. 17. Definitions 574
R. 18. Appropriate office in relation to international applications 574
R. 19. International applications filed with appropriate office as receiving office 575
R. 20. International applications designating or designating and electing India 575
R. 21. Filing of priority document 576
R. 22. Effect of non-compliance with certain requirements 576
R. 23. The requirements under this Chapter to be supple-mental of the regulations, etc., under the Treaty 576
Chapter IV—Publication and Examination of Applications
R. 24. Publication of application 576
R. 24-A. Request for publication 577
R. 24-B. Examination of application 577
R. 25. Identification of published applications 578
R. 26. Request for withdrawal 578
R. 27. Inspection and supply of published documents 578
R. 28. Procedure in case of anticipation by prior publication 578
R. 28-A. Procedure in relation to consideration of report of examiner under section 14 579
R. 29. Procedure in case of anticipation by prior claiming 579
R. 30. Amendment of the complete specification in case of anticipation 579
R. 31. Form of reference to another specification 579
R. 32. Procedure in case of potential infringement 579
R. 33. Form of reference to another patent 579
R. 34. Manner in which a claim under section 20(1) shall be made 580
R. 35. Manner in which a request may be made under sec-tion 20(4) 580
R. 36. Manner of application under section 20(5) 580
R. 37. Numbering of applications on the grant of patent 580
R. 38. Inspection of application, specification, etc 580
Chapter V—Exclusive Marketing Rights
Rr. 39-54 Omitted by S.O. 1418(E), dated 28.12.2004 (w.e.f. 1.1.2005) 580
Chapter VI—Opposition Proceedings to Grant of Patent
R. 55. Opposition to the patent 580
R. 55-A. Filing of notice of opposition 581
R. 56. Constitution of Opposition Board and its proceeding 581
R. 57. Filing of written statement of opposition and evidence 581
R. 58. Filing of reply statement and evidence 581
R. 59. Filing of reply evidence by opponent 582
R. 60. Further evidence to be left with the leave of the Con-troller 582
R. 61. Copies of documents to be supplied 582
R. 62. Hearing 582
R. 63. Determination of costs 582
R. 63-A. Request made under section 26(1) 582
R. 64. Time within which complete specification is to be amended under section 27 582
R. 65. Procedure to be followed 583
R. 66. Form of making a request under section 28(2) 583
R. 67. Form of making a claim under section 28(3) 583
R. 68. Form of application to be made under section 28(7) 583
R. 69. Procedure for the hearing of claim or an application under section 28 573
R. 70. Mention of inventor 583
Chapter VII—Secrecy Directions
R. 71. Permission for making patent application outside India under section 39 583
R. 72. Communication of result of reconsideration under section 36(2) 583
Chapter VIII—Grant of Patents
R. 73. Sealing of patents 583
R. 74. Form of patent 584
R. 74-A. Inspection of documents related to grant of patent 584
R. 75. Amendment of patent under section 44 584
R. 76. Manner of applying for direction under section 51(1) 584
R. 77. Manner of application under section 51(2) 584
R. 78. Procedure for the hearing of proceedings under sec-tion 51 584
R. 79. Request under section 52(2) 584
R. 80. Renewal fees under section 53 584
Chapter IX—Amendment of Application, Specification or any Document Relating Thereto
R. 81. Amendment of application, specification or any doc-ument relating thereto 585
R. 82. Preparation of amended specifications, etc 585
R. 83. Publication of the amendment allowed 585
Chapter X—Restoration of Patents
R. 84. Restoration of patents 585
R. 85. Opposition to restoration under section 61 585
R. 86. Payment of unpaid renewal fees 586
Chapter XI—Surrender of Patents
R. 87. Surrender of patents 586
Chapter XII—Register of Patents
R. 88. Register of patents under section 67 586
R. 89. Registration of documents under section 68 586
R. 90. Registration of title and interest in patents 586
R. 91. Presentation of assignment, etc., of patent to Control-ler 586
R. 92. Registration of title or interest in a patent 587
R. 93. Entry of renewal fee 587
R. 94. Alteration of address 587
R. 95. Inspection of register of patents under section 72 and fees payable therefor 587
Chapter XIII—Compulsory Licence and Revocation of Patent
R. 96. Application for compulsory licence, etc. 587
R. 97. When a prima facie case is not made out 587
R. 98. Notice of opposition under section 87(2) 587
R. 99. Manner of publication of the revocation order 588
R. 100. Application under section 88(4) 588
R. 101. Procedure to be followed in case of applications un-der section 88(4) 588
R. 102. Application for termination of compulsory licence under section 94 589
Chapter XIV—Scientific Advisers
R. 103. Roll of scientific advisers 589
R. 104. Manner of application for inclusion in the roll of scientific advisers 589
R. 105. Inclusion of the name of any other person in the roll of scientific advisers 589
R. 106. Power to relax 590
R. 107. Removal of names from the roll of scientific advisers 590
Chapter XV—Patent Agents
R. 108. Particulars to be contained in the register of patent agents 590
R. 109. Application for registration of patent agents 590
R. 110. Particulars of the qualifying examination for patent agents 590
R. 111. Registration of patent agents 591
R. 111-A. Issue of duplicate certificate of patent agents 591
R. 112. Details to be included in an application for the regis-tration of a patent agent 591
R. 113. Registration of patent agents under section 126(2) 591
R. 114. Disqualifications for registration as a patent agent 591
R. 115. Payment of fees 591
R. 116. Removal of a name from the register of patent agents 591
R. 117. Restoration of name of persons removed from the register of patent agents 591
R. 118. Alteration of names, etc., in the register of patent agents 592
R. 119. Refusal to recognise as patent agent 592
R. 120. Publication of the names of patent agents, registered under the Act 592
Chapter XVI—Miscellaneous
R. 121. Period within which copies of specification, etc., are to be filed 592
R. 121-A. Address for communications 592
R. 122. Correction of clerical efforts 592
R. 123. Manner of advertisement of the proposed correction of any error 592
R. 124. Manner and time of opposition to the making of corrections 592
R. 125. Notification of corrections 593
R. 126. Form, etc, of affidavits 593
R. 127. Exhibits 593
R. 128. Directions not otherwise prescribed 593
R. 129. Exercise of discretionary power by the Controller 593
R. 130. Application for review of decisions or setting aside of orders of the Controller 593
R. 131. Form and manner in which statements required under section 146(2) to be furnished 594
R. 132. Form of application for the issue of a duplicate pat-ent 594
R. 133. Supply of certified copies and certificates under sec-tions 72 and 147 594
R. 134. Request for information under section 153 594
R. 135. Agency 595
R. 136. Scale of costs 595
R. 137. Powers of Controller generally 595
R. 138. Power to extend time prescribed 595
R. 139. Hearing before the Controller to be in public in cer-tain cases 595
The First Schedule—Fees 596
The Second Schedule—Forms 600
Form 1—Application for Grant of Patent 601
Form 2—Provisional/Complete Specification 604
Form 3—Statement and Undertaking under Section 8 605
Form 4—Request for Extension of Time 606
Form 5—Declaration as to Inventorship 606
Form 6—Claim or Request Regarding any Change in Applicant for Patent 607
Form 7—Notice of Opposition 608
Form 8—Request or claim regarding mention of In-ventor as such in a Patent 609
Form 9—Request for Publication 610
Form 10—Application for Amendment of Patent 610
Form 11—Application for Direction of the Control-ler 611
Form 12—Request for Grant of Patent Under Sec-tions 26(1) & 52(2) 612
Form 13—Application for Amendment of the Appli-cation for Patent/Complete Specification 613
Form 14—Notice of Opposition to Amendment/ Res-toration/Surrender of Patent Grant of Compulsory Licence or Revision of Terms thereof or to Correction of Clerical Errors 614
Form 15—Application for the Restoration of Patent 615
Form 16—Application for Registration of Title/Interest in a Patent or Share in it or Registra-tion of any Document Purporting to Affect Pro-prietorship of the Patent 616
Form 17—Application for Compulsory Licence 617
Form 18—Request/Express Request for Examination of Application for Patent 618
Form 19—Application for Revocation of a Patent for Non Working 619
Form 20—Application for Revision of terms and Conditions of Licence 619
Form 21—Request for Termination of Compulsory Licence 620
Form 22—Application for Registration of Patent Agent 621
Form 23—Application for the Restoration of the Name in the Register of Patent Agents 622
Form 24—Application for Review/Setting aside Con-troller’s Decision/Order 623
Form 25—Request for Permission for Making Patent Application Outside India 623
Form 26—Form for Authorisation of a Patent Agent/or any Person in a Matter or Proceeding un-der the Act 624
Form 27—No Fee Statement Regarding The Working of the Patented Invention on Commercial Scale in India 625
The Third Schedule—Form of Patent 626
The Fourth Schedule 626
APP. 10 THE PATENTS RULES, 1972 628
Chapter I—Preliminary
R. 1. Short title and commencement 628
R. 2. Definitions 629
R. 3. Prescribed particulars 629
R. 4. Appropriate office 629
R. 5. Address for service 629
R. 6. Leaving and serving documents 621
R. 7. Fees 630
R. 8. Forms 630
R. 9. Size etc., of documents 630
R. 10. Signature and verification of documents 630
Chapter II—Applications for Patents
R. 11. Period within which proof of the right to make the application shall be furnished 630
R. 12. Order of recording applications 631
R. 13. Statement and undertaking regarding foreign applica-tions 631
R. 14. Specifications 631
R. 15. Amendments to specifications 631
R. 16. Drawings 631
R. 17. Size of paper, etc., on which drawings shall be fur-nished 632
R. 18. Particulars of drawings 632
R. 19. Further particulars about drawings 632
R. 20. Models 632
Chapter III—Examination of Applications
R. 21. Procedure in case of anticipation by prior publication 633
R. 22. Procedure in case of anticipation by prior claiming 633
R. 23. Amendment of the complete specification in case of anticipation 633
R. 24. Extension of the period specified in rules 22 and 23 634
R. 25. Form of reference to another specification 634
R. 26. Procedure in case of potential infringement 634
R. 27. Form of reference to another patent 634
R. 28. Form of application under sub-section (2) of section 19 634
R. 29. Manner in which a claim under section 20(1) shall be made 634
R. 30. Manner in which a request may be made 634
R. 31. Manner of application under section 20(5) 634
R. 32. Numbering of applications on acceptance of the com-plete specification 634
R. 33. Inspection of application, specification, etc. 635
Chapter IV—Opposition to Grant of Patent
R. 34. Manner of application for extension of time under section 25(1) 635
R. 35. Filing of notice of opposition 635
R. 36. Written statement of opposition 635
R. 37. Time for filing reply statement 635
R. 38. Time for leaving evidence of opponent 635
R. 39. Time for leaving applicant’s evidence 635
R. 40. Reply evidence by opponent 635
R. 41. Further evidence to be left with the leave of the Con-troller 635
R. 42. Number of copies to be supplied of documents 635
R. 43. Extension of time 636
R. 44. Hearing 636
R. 45. Determination of costs 636
R. 46. Time within which complete specification is to be amended under section 27 636
R. 47. Procedure to be followed 636
R. 48. Extension of time 636
R. 49. Manner of request under section, 28(2) 636
R. 50. Manner of making a claim under section 28(3) 636
R. 51. Form of application to be made under sub-section (7) of section 28 637
R. 52. Procedure for the hearing of claim or an application under section 28 637
R. 53. Mention of inventor 637
Chapter V—Secrecy Directions
R. 54. Communication of result of reconsideration under section 36(2) 637
R. 55. Extension of time on revocation of secrecy directions under section 38 637
Chapter VI—Sealing of Patents
R. 56. Sealing of patents 637
R. 57. Form of patent 637
R. 58. Amendment of patent under section 44 637
R. 59. Manner of applying for directions under section 51(1) 637
R. 60. Manner of application under section 51(2) 638
R. 61. Procedure for the hearing of proceedings under sec-tion 51 638
R. 62. Manner of request under section 52(2) 638
R. 63. Renewal fees 638
R. 64. Form of request under section 55(1) 638
Chapter VII—Amendment of Applications and Specifications
R. 65. Amendment of applications or specifications 638
R. 66. Preparation of amended specifications, etc. 639
R. 67. Advertisement of the amendments allowed. 639
Chapter VIII—Restoration of Patents
R. 68. Restoration of patents 639
R. 69. Opposition to restoration 639
R. 70. Payment of unpaid renewal fees 639
Chapter IX—Surrender of Patents
R. 71. Surrender of patents 639
Chapter X—Register of Patents
R. 72. Register of patents 640
R. 73. Registration of documents under section 68 640
R. 74. Registration of title and interest in patents 640
R. 75. Presentation of assignment, etc., of patent to Control-ler 640
R. 76. Registration of title or interest in a patent 640
R. 77. Entry of renewal fee 640
R. 78. Alteration of address 640
R. 79. Inspection of register of patents and fees payable the-refor 641
Chapter XI—Compulsory Licences Endorsement of Pa-tents with the words “Licences of Right” and Revocation
R. 80. Application for compulsory licence etc. 641
R. 81. When a prima facie case is not made out. 641
R. 82. Notice of opposition under section 92(2) 641
R. 83. Manner of application under section 88(2) 641
R. 84. Manner of applying under section 88(4) 642
R. 85. Manner of advertisement of the revocation order 642
R. 86. Application under section 93(5) 642
R. 87. Procedure to be followed in case of applications un-der section 93(5) 642
Chapter XII—Scientific Advisers
R. 88. Roll of scientific advisers 643
R. 89. Manner of application for inclusion in the roll of scientific advisers 643
R. 90. Inclusion of the name of any other person in the roll of scientific advisers 643
R. 91. Power to relax 643
R. 92. Removal of names from the roll of scientific advisers 643
Chapter XIII—Patent Agents
R. 93. Particulars to be contained in the register of patent agents 643
R. 94. Application for registration of patent agents 644
R. 95. Particulars of the qualifying examination for patent agents 644
R. 96. Registration of patent agents 644
R. 97. Details to be included in an application for the regis-tration of a patent agent 644
R. 98. Registration of patent agents under section 126(2) 644
R. 99. Disqualifications for registration as a patent agent 644
R. 100. Payment of fees 644
R. 101. Deletion of a name from the register of patent agents 644
R. 102. Restoration of names of persons removed from the register of patent agents 645
R. 103. Alteration of names etc. in the register of patent agents 645
R. 104. Refusal to recognise as patent agent 645
R. 105. Publication of the names of patent agents, registered under the Act 645
Chapter XIV—Miscellaneous
R. 106. Address of all communications 645
R. 107. Correction of clerical errors 645
R. 108. Manner of advertisement of the proposed correction of any error 645
R. 109. Manner and time of opposition to the making of cor-rections 645
R. 110. Notification of corrections 646
R. 111. Form, etc. of affidavits 646
R. 112. Exhibits 646
R. 113. Directions not otherwise prescribed 647
R. 114. Exercise of discretionary power by the Controller 647
R. 115. Application for review of decisions or setting aside of orders of the Controller 647
R. 116. Manner of payment of compensation 647
R. 117. Form and manner in which statements required under section 146(2) to be furnished 647
R. 118. Form of application for the issue of a duplicate patent 647
R. 119. Supply of certified copies and certificates 648
R. 120. Request for information under section 153 648
R. 121. Agency 648
R. 122. Scale of costs 648
R. 123. Powers of Controller generally 648
R. 124. Power to extend the time prescribed 648
R. 125. Hearing before the Controller to be in public in cer-tain cases 648
R. 126. Repeal and amendment of the Indian Patents and De-signs Rules, 1933 649
APP. 11 THE PATENT (AMENDMENT) RULES, 2005 650
R. 14. Amendments to specifications 651
R. 24. Publication of application 652
R. 24A. Request for publication 652
R. 24B. Examination of application 652
R. 27. Inspection and supply of published documents 653
R. 28A. Procedure in relation to consideration of report of examiner under section 14 653
R. 37. Numbering of applications on the grant of patent 653
R. 55. Opposition by representation against the grant of pa-tent 654
R. 55A. Filing of notice of opposition 654
R. 56. Constitution of Opposition Board and its proceeding 654
R. 57. Filing of written statement of opposition and evidence 654
R. 63. Determination of costs 655
R. 63A. Request made under section 26(1) 655
R. 69. Procedure for the hearing of claim or an application under section 28 655
R. 71. Permission for making patent application outside India under section 39 655
R. 74A. Inspection of documents related to grant of patent 655
R. 78. Procedure for the hearing of proceedings under sec-tion 51 655
R. 83. Publication of the amendment allowed 656
R. 85. Opposition to restoration under section 61 656
R. 87. Surrender of Patents 656
R. 96. Application for compulsory licence etc. 657
R. 99. Manner of publication of the revocation order 657
R. 111A. Issue of duplicate certificate of patent agents 658
R. 121. Period within which copies of specification etc. are to be filed 658
R. 121A. Address of communications 658
R. 129. Exercise of discretionary power by the Controller 658
R. 138 Power to extend time prescribed 659
The First Schedule—Fees 659
The Second Schedule—List of Forms 663
Form 1—Application for Grant of Patent 665
Form 2—Provisional/Complete Specification 667
Form 3—Statement and Undertaking under Section 8 668
Form 4—Request for Extension of Time 668
Form 5—Declaration as to Inventorship 669
Form 6—Claim or Request Regarding any Change in Applicant for Patent 670
Form 7—Notice of Opposition 671
Form 8—Request or claim regarding mention of In-ventor as such in a Patent 671
Form 9—Request for Publication 672
Form 10—Application for Amendment of Patent 673
Form 11—Application for Direction of the Control-ler 673
Form 12—Request for Grant of Patent under Sections 26(1) & 52(2) 674
Form 13—Application for Amendment of the Appli-cation for Patent/Complete Specification 675
Form 14—Notice of Opposition to Amendment / Restoration / Surrender of Patent/Grant of Com-pulsory Licence or Revision of Terms thereof or to Correction of Clerical Errors 676
Form 15—Application for the Restoration of Patent 677
Form 16—Application for registration of Title/Interest in a Patent or Share in it or Registra-tion of any Document Purporting to affect Proprietorship of the Patent 678
Form 17—Application for Compulsory Licence 679
Form 18—Request/Express Request for Examination of Application for Patent 679
Form 19—Application for Revocation of a Patent for Non-working 680
Form 20—Application for Revision of Terms and Conditions of Licence 681
Form 21—Request for Termination of Compulsory Licence 682
Form 22—Application for Registration of Patent Agent 683
Form 23—Application for the Restoration of the Name in the Register of Patent Agents 684
Form 24—Application for Review/Setting aside Con-troller’s Decision/Order 685
Form 25—No Fee Request for Permission for Mak-ing Patent Application Outside India 685
Form 26—
Form for Authorisation of a Patent Agent/or any Person in a matter or Proceeding un-der the Act 686
Form 27—Statement regarding the Working of the Patented Invention on Commercial Scale in India 687
The Fourth Schedule 688
APP. 12 THE PATENT (AMENDMENT) RULES, 2006 690
“The third schedule—Form of patent 693
APP. 13 COMPARATIVE TABLES OF INDIA AND UK ACTS (CURRENT) 695
Table 1 695
Table 1 709
Comparative Table of Indian and U.K [current and re-pealed] Statutes 713
APP. 14 PATENTS ACT, 1949-1961 (UK) 720
S. 1. Persons entitled to make application 720
S. 2. Application 720
S. 3. Complete and provisional specifications 721
S. 4. ontents of specification 721
S. 5. Priority date of claims of complete specification 722
S. 6. Examination of application 722
S. 7. Search for anticipation by previous publication 723
S. 8. Search for anticipation by prior claim 723
S. 9. Reference in case of potential infringement 724
S. 10. Refusal of application in certain cases 724
S. 11. Supplementary provisions as to searches etc 725
S. 12. Time for putting application in order for acceptance 725
S. 13. Acceptance and publication of complete specification 726
S. 14. Opposition to grant of patent 726
S. 15. Refusal of patent without opposition 727
S. 16. Mention of inventor as such in patent 727
S. 17. Substitution of applicants, etc. 728
S. 18. Provisions for secrecy of certain invention 729
Grant, Effect and Term and Patent
S. 19. Grant and sealing of patent 730
S. 20. Amendment of patent granted to deceased applicant 731
S. 21. Extent, effect and form of patent 731
S. 22. Date and term of patent 731
S. 23. Extension on ground of inadequate remuneration 731
S. 24. Extension on ground of war loss 732
S. 25. Extension on ground of war loss of licensee 733
S. 26. Patents of addition 733
Restoration of Lapsed Patents and Patent
Applications
S. 27. Restoration of lapsed patents 734
S. 28. Restoration of lapsed applications for patents 734
Amendment of Specifications
S. 29. Amendment of specification with leave of comptrol-ler 735
S. 30. Amendment of specification with leave of the court 736
S. 31. Supplementary provisions as to amendment of speci-fication 736
Revocation and Surrender of Patents
S. 32. Revocation of patent by court 736
S. 33. Revocation of patent by comptroller 737
S. 34. Surrender of patent 737
Voluntary Endorsement of Patent
S. 35. Endorsement of patent “licences of right” 738
S. 36. Cancellation of endorsement under section 35 739
Compulsory Licences, Etc.
S. 37. Compulsory endorsement 739
S. 38. Provisions as to licences under section 37 740
S. 39. Exercise of powers on applications under section 37 741
S. 40. Endorsement etc. on application of Crown 741
S. 41. Inventions relating to food or medicine, etc. 742
S. 42. Revocation of patent 742
S. 43. Procedure on application under sections 37 to 42 742
S. 44. Appeal and reference to arbitrator 743
S. 45. Supplementary provisions 743
Use of Patented Inventions for Services of the Crown
S. 46. Use of patented inventions for services of the Crown 743
S. 47. Rights of third parties in respect of Crown use 744
S. 48. Reference of disputes as to Crown use 745
S. 49. Special provisions as to Crown use during emergency 746
S. 50. Previous publication 746
S. 51. Previous communication, display or working 747
S. 52. Use and publication after provisional specification or foreign applica¬tion 748
S. 53. Priority date in case of obtaining 748
Miscellaneous Provisions as to the Rights in Inventions
S. 54. Co-ownership of patents 748
S. 55. Power of comptroller to give directions to co-owners 749
S. 56. Disputes as to inventions made by employees 749
S. 57. Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions 750
S. 58. Determination of certain contracts 750
Proceedings for Infringement, Etc.
S. 59. Restrictions on recovery of damages for infringement 751
S. 60. Order for account in action for infringement 751
S. 61. Counter-claim for revocation in action for infringe-ment 751
S. 62. Relief for infringement of partially valid specification 751
S. 63. Proceedings for infringement by exclusive licensee 751
S. 64. Certificate of contested validity of specification 752
S. 65. Remedy for groundless threats of infringement pro-ceedings 752
S. 66. Power of court to make declaration as to non-infringement 752
S. 67. Reference to comptroller of disputes as to infringe-ment 752
sInternational Agreements, etc.
S. 68. Orders in Council as to convention countries 753
S. 69. Supplementary provisions as to convention applica-tions 753
S. 70. Special provisions as to vessels, aircraft and land ve-hicles 754
S. 71. Extension of time for certain convention applications 754
S. 72. Protection of inventions communicated under international agree¬ments 754
Register of Patents, etc.
S. 73. Register of patents 755
S. 74. Registration of assignments etc. 755
S. 75. Rectification of register. 756
S. 76. Power to correct clerical errors, etc. 756
S. 77. Evidence of entries, documents, etc. 757
S. 78. Requests for information as to patent or patent appli-cation. 757
S. 79. Restriction upon publication of specification, etc. 757
S. 80. Loss or destruction of patent. 757
Proceedings before Comptroller
S. 81. Exercise of discretionary powers of comptroller. 757
S. 82. Costs and security for costs. 757
S. 83. Evidence before comptroller. 758
S. 84. The court. 758
S. 85. The Appeal Tribunal. 758
S. 86. Appeals from decisions of the comptroller in Scottish cases. 759
S. 87. Appeal to Court of Appeal and Court of Session. 759
Patent Agents
S. 88. Restriction on practice as patent agents. 760
S. 89. Power of comptroller to refuse to deal with certain agents. 760
Offences
S. 90. Falsification of register, etc. 761
S. 91. Unauthorised claim of patent rights. 761
S. 92. Unauthorised assumption of Royal Arms. 761
S. 93. Offences by companies. 761
Rules, Etc.
S. 94. General power of Department of Trade and Industry to make rules, etc. 761
S. 95. Provisions as to rules and order 762
S. 96. Proceedings of Board of Trade. 762
Supplemental
S. 97. Service of notice, etc., by post. 763
S. 98. Hours of business and excluded days. 763
S. 99. Fees. 763
S. 100. Annual report of comptroller. 763
S. 101. Interpretation. 763
S. 102. Saving for Royal prerogative etc. 764
S. 103. Application to Scotland. 764
S. 104. Application to Northern Ireland. 764
S. 105. Isle of Man. 764
S. 106. Repeals, transitional provisions and amendment. 764
S. 107. Short title and commencement. 764
First Schedule—Maximum Fees. 764
Second Schedule—Enactments Repealed. 764
Third Schedule—Transitional Provisions. 764
Sections 103-107 and the three Schedules are not reproduced. 764
APP. 15 THE INDIAN PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACT, 1911 765
Preliminary
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 765
S. 2. Definitions 765
Part I—Patents
Application for and Grant of Patent
S. 3. Application 766
S. 4. Specifications 766
S. 4A. Time for leaving complete specification 767
S. 4B. Provisional protection 767
S. 5. Proceedings upon application 767
S. 6. Advertisement on acceptance of application 768
S. 7. Effect of acceptance of application 768
S. 8. Inquiry before sealing patent 768
S. 9. Opposition to grant of patent 768
S. 10. Grant and sealing of patent 769
S. 11. Date of patent 769
S. 12. Effect, extent and form of patent 770
S. 13. Fraudulent applications for patents 770
S. 13A. Single patent for cognate invention 770
Term of Patent
S. 14. Term of patent 770
S. 15. Extension of term of patent 771
S. I5A. Patents of addition 771
S. 16. Restoration of lapsed patent 771
Amendment of Application or Specification
S. 17. Amendment of application or specification by Con-troller 772
S. 18. Amendment of specification by the court 772
S. 19. Restriction on recovery of damages 772
Register of Patents
S. 20. Register of Patents 772
Government
S. 21. Patent to bind Government 773
S. 21A. Assignment of patent to the Central Government 774
Compulsory Licenses and Revocation
S. 22. Application for licence 775
S. 23. Relief in respect of an application under section 22 775
S. 23A. Endorsement of patent on application by Government 776
S. 23B. Provision as to patents endorsed “Licences of Right” 776
S. 23C. Exercise of powers on application under section 22 or section 23A 777
S. 23CC. Inventions relating to food or medicine, etc. 777
S. 23D. Procedure on application under section 22, section 23A or section 23CC 777
S. 23E. Supplementary provisions with respect to orders un-der section 23, section 23B or section 23CC 778
S. 23F. Appeals 778
S. 23G. Procedure for hearing of appeals 778
S. 24. Power of Controller to revoke surrendered patent 778
S. 25. Revocation of patent on public grounds 778
Legal Proceedings
S. 26. Petition for revocation of patent 778
S. 27. Notice of proceedings to persons interested 779
S. 28. Framing issue for trial before other courts 780
S. 29. Suits for infringement of patents 780
S. 30. Exemption of innocent infringer from liability for damages 780
S. 31. Order for inspection, etc., in suit 780
S. 32. Certificate of validity questioned and costs thereon 780
S. 33. Transmission of decrees and orders to the Controller 780
S. 34. Power of High Court to stay proceedings, etc 780
S. 35. Hearing with assessor 780
S. 35A. Grant of relief in respect of particular claims 781
S. 36. Remedy in case of groundless threats of legal pro-ceedings 781
Miscellaneous
S. 37. Grant of patents to two or more persons 781
S. 38. Public use or knowledge of invention 781
S. 38A. Disconformity 781
S. 39. Loss or destruction of patent 781
S. 40. Provisions as to exhibitions and readings before learned societies 782
S. 41. Models to be furnished to Indian Museum 782
S. 42. Foreign vessels in Indian waters 782
Part II—Designs
Part III—General
Patent Office and Proceedings thereat
S. 55. Patent office 782
S. 56. Officers and clerks 782
S. 57. Fees 782
Provisions as to Registers and other Documents in the Patent Office
S. 58. Notice of trust not to be entered in registers 783
S. 59. Inspection of and extracts from registers 783
S. 59A. Information relating to patents 783
S. 60. Privilege of reports of Controller 783
S. 61. Prohibition of publication of specification, drawings, etc., where application abandoned, etc. 783
S. 62. Power for Controller to correct clerical errors 783
S. 63. Entry of assignments and transmissions in registers 783
S. 64. Rectification of register 784
Powers and Duties of Controller
S. 65. Powers of Controller in proceedings under Act 784
S. 66. Publication of patented inventions 784
S. 67. Exercise of discretionary power by Controller 784
S. 68. Power of Controller to take directions of the Central Government 784
S. 69. Refusal to grant patent, etc., in certain cases 784
S. 70. Appeals to the Central Government 784
Evidence, etc.
S. 70A. Evidence before the Controller 785
S. 71. Certificate of Controller to be evidence 785
S. 71A. Evidence of documents in Patent Office 785
S. 72. Transmission of copies of specifications, etc., and inspection there-of 785
S. 73. Applications and notices by post 785
S. 74. Declaration by infant, lunatic, etc. 785
S. 74A. Security for costs 785
Agency
S. 75. Subscription and verification of certain documents 785
S. 76. Agency 786
Powers etc. of Central Government
S. 77. Power for Central Government to make rules 786
Offences
S. 78. Wrongful use of words “Patent Office” 786
Reciprocal arrangements with the United Kingdom
and other parts of His Majesty’s
Dominions
S. 78A. Reciprocal arrangements with the United Kingdom 787
S. 78B. Special provisions relating to applications -relevant for defence purposes 787
S. 78C. Special provisions in respect of applications for pa-tents in the field of food, drug or medicine 788
S. 78D. Consequences of direction under section 78B or Sec-tion 78C 789
S. 78E. Contravention of directions under section 78B 789
Savings and Repeal
S. 79. Savings for prerogative.—Repealed by the Adapta-tion of Laws Order, 1950. 790
S. 80. Repeals and savings 790
APP. 16 PATENTS, DESIGNS, AND TRADE MARKS ACT, 1883 (UK) 791
Part I—Preliminary
S. 1. Short title 791
S. 2. Division of Act into parts 791
S. 3. Commencement of Act 791
Part II—Patents
Application for and Grant of Patents
S. 4. Persons entitled to apply for patent 791
S. 5. Application and specification 791
S. 6. Reference of application to examiner 792
S. 7. Power for comptroller to refuse application or require amendment 792
S. 8. Time for leaving complete specification 793
S. 9. Comparison of provisional and complete specification 793
S. 10. Advertisement on acceptance of complete specifica-tion 793
S. 11. Opposition to grant of patent 793
S. 12. Sealing of patent 794
S. 13. Date of patent 794
Provisional Protection
S. 14. Provisional protection 794
Protection by Complete Specification
S. 15. Effect of acceptance of complete specification 794
Patent
S. 16. Extent of patent 794
S. 17. Term of patent 794
Amendment of Specification
S. 18. Amendment of specification 795
S. 19. Power to disclaim part of invention during action 795
S. 20. Restriction on recovery of damages 795
S. 21. Advertisement of amendment 795
sCompulsory Licenses
S. 22. Power for Board to order grant of licenses 796
Register of Patents
S. 23. Register of patents 797
S. 24. Fees in schedule 797
Extension of Term of Patent
S. 25. Extension of term of patent on petition to Queen in Council 797
Revocation
S. 26. Revocation of Patent 798
Crown
S. 27. Patent to bind Crown 798
Legal Proceedings
S. 28. Hearing with assessor 798
S. 29. Delivery of particulars 799
S. 30. Order for inspection, file. In action 799
S. 31. Certificate of validity questioned and costs thereon 799
S. 32. Remedy in case of groundless threats of legal pro-ceedings 799
Miscellaneous
S. 33. Patent for one invention only 799
S. 34. Patent on application of representative of deceased inventor 799
S. 35. Patent to first inventor not invalidated by application in fraud of him 799
S. 36. Assignment for particulars places 800
S. 37. Loss or destruction of patent 800
S. 38. Proceedings and costs before law officer 800
S. 39. Exhibition at industrial or international exhibition not to prejudice patent rights 800
S. 40. Publication of illustrated journal, indexes, &c 800
S. 41. Patent Museum 800
S. 42. Power to require models on payment 800
S. 43. Foreign vessels in British waters 800
S. 44. Assignment to Secretary for War of certain inventions 801
Existing Patents
S. 45. Provisions respecting existing patents 802
Definitions
S. 46. Definitions of patent, patentee, and invention 802
Part III—Designs
Sections 47 to 61 (Omitted)
Part IV—Trade Marks
Sections 62 to 81 (Omitted)
Part V—General
S. 82. Patent office 802
S. 83. Officers and clerks 802
S. 84. Seal of patent office 803
S. 85. Trust not to be entered in registers 803
S. 86. Refusal to grant patent, &c, in certain cases 803
S. 87. Entry of assignments and transmissions in registers 803
S. 88. Inspection of an extracts from registers 803
S. 89. Sealed copies to be received in evidence 803
S. 90. Rectification or registers by court 803
S. 91. Power for comptroller to correct clerical errors 803
S. 92. Alteration of registered mark.—(Omitted). 804
S. 93. Falsification of entries in registers 804
S. 94. Exercise of discretionary power by comptroller 804
S. 95. Power of comptroller to take directions of law offic-ers 804
S. 96. Certificate of comptroller to be evidence 804
S. 97. Applications and notices by post 804
S. 98. Provision as to days for leaving documents at office 804
S. 99. Declaration by infant, lunatic, &c 804
S. 100. Transmission of certified printed copies of specifica-tion, &c 804
S. 101. Power for Board of Trade to make general rules for classifying goods and regulating business of patent office 805
S. 102. Annual reports of comptroller 805
S. 102A. Proceedings of Board of Trade 805
International and Colonial Arrangements
S. 103. ‘International arrangements for protection of inven-tions, designs, and trade marks 806
S. 104. Provision for colonies and India 806
Offences
S. 105. Penalty on falsely representing articles to be patented 806
S. 106. Penalty on unauthorised assumption of royal arms 806
Scotland; Ireland; &c.
Sections 107 to 112 (Omitted)
REPEAL; TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS; SAVINGS
Sections 113 to 116 (Omitted)
General Definitions
S. 117. General definitions 807
APP. 17 THE PATENTS, DESIGNS AND TRADE MARKS (AMENDMENT), ACT, 1885 808
S. 1. Construction and short title 808
S. 2. Amendment of section 5 of 46 and 47 Vict. c. 57 808
S. 3. Amendment of sections 8, 9 and 12 of 46 and 47 Vict. c. 57 808
S. 4. Specifications, &c. not to be published unless appli-cation accepted 808
S. 5. Power to grant patents to several persons jointly 808
S. 6. Amendment of section 103 of 46 and 47 Vict. c. 57 808
APP. 18 THE PATENTS ACT, 1886 (UK) 809
S. 1. Short title and construction 809
S. 2. The same drawings may accompany both specifica-tions 809
S. 3. Protection by patents and designs exhibited at international exhibitions 809
APP. 19 THE PATENTS, DESIGNS AND TRADE MARKS ACT, 1888 (UK) 810
S. 1. Register of patent agents 810
S. 2. Amendments of 46 and 47 Vict. c. 57 810
S. 3. Section 9, as to disclosure of reports of examiners 811
S. 4. Section 11, as to opposition to grant of patent 811
S. 5. Section 18, as to amended specifications 811 [Sections 6 and 7—Designs] 811 [Sections 8 to 20—Trade Marks] 811
S. 21. Section 87, as to entry of assignments, fife 811
S. 22. Section 88, as to inspection 811
S. 23. Section 90, as to rectification of register 811
S. 24. Section 91, as to correction of errors 811
S. 25. Proceedings of Board of Trade 811
S. 27. Construction of principal Act 811
S. 28. Commencement of Act 811
S. 29. Short ride 811
APP. 20 THE PATENTS ACT, 1901 (UK) 812
S. 1. International arrangements, 46 and 47 Vict. c. 57 812
S. 2. Short title, construction and commencement 812
APP. 21 THE PATENTS ACT, 1902 (UK) 813
S. 1. Examination of previous specification in United Kingdom on applica¬tions for patents, 46 and 47 Vict. c. 57 813
S. 2. Limitation as to anticipation 814
S. 3. Amendment of law relating to compulsory licences 814
S. 4. Performance of comptroller’s duties 815
S. 5. Short title and construction 815
APP. 22 PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACT, 1907 (UK) 816
Part I—Patents
Application for and Grant of Patent
S. 1. Application 816
S. 2. Specification 816
S. 3. Proceedings upon application 816
S. 4. Provisional protection 817
S. 5. Time for leaving complete specification 817
S. 6. Comparison of provisional and complete specification 817
S. 7. Investigation of previous publications in United Kingdom on application for patents 818
S. 8. Investigation of specifications published subsequently to application 818
S. 8A. Time for acceptance of complete specification 819
S. 9. Advertisement on acceptance of complete specifica-tion 819
S. 10. Effect of acceptance of complete specification 819
S. 11. Opposition to grant of patent 819
S. 12. Grant and sealing of patent 819
S. 13. Date of patent 820
S. 14. Effect, extent and form of patent 821
S. 15. Fraudulent applications for patents 821
S. 16. Single patent for cognate inventions 822
Term of patent
S. 17. Term of patent 822
S. 18. Extension of term of patent 822
S. 19. Patents of addition 823
Restoration of lapsed patents
S. 20. Restoration of lapsed patents 823
S. 21. Amendment of specification of comptroller 824
S. 22. Amendment of specification by the court 824
S. 23. Restriction on recovery of damages 824
Compulsory Licences and Revocation
S. 24. Provisions as to patents indorsed “licences of right” 824
S. 25. Revocation of patent 826
S. 26. Power of comptroller to revoke patents 827
S. 27. Provisions for the prevention of abuse of monopoly rights 828
Register of patents
S. 28. Register of patents 831
Crown
S. 29. Right of Crown to use patented inventions 831
S. 30. Assignment to Secretary for War or Secretary for Air or the Admiralty of certain inventions 832
S. 31. Hearing with Assessor 833
S. 32. Power to counterclaim for revocation in an action for infringement 833
S. 32A. Power of court in infringement action as regards re-lief in respect of particular claims 833
S. 33. Exemption of innocent infringer from liability for damages 833
S. 34. Order for inspection etc., in action 834
S. 35. Certificate of validity questioned and costs thereon 834
S. 36. Remedy in case of groundless threats of legal pro-ceedings 834
Miscellaneous
S. 37. Joint ownership of a patent 834
S. 38. Avoidance of certain conditions attached to the sale, etc., of patented articles 835
S. 38A. Chemical products and substances intended for food or medicine 836
S. 41. Provisions as to anticipation 836
S. 42. Disconformity 836
S. 43. Patent on application of representative of deceased inventor 837
S. 44. Loss or destruction of patent 837
S. 44A. Request for information as to patent or patent application 837
S. 45. Provisions as to exhibitions 837
S. 46. Publication of journal, indexes, etc. 837
S. 47. Patent Museum 837
S. 48. Special provisions as to vessels, aircraft, and land vehicles 838
Part II—Designs
(Sections 49—61 Omitted)
Part III—General
Patent Office, and Proceedings thereat
S. 62. Patent Office 838
S. 63. Officers and clerks 838
S. 64. Seal of Patent Office 838
Fees
S. 65. Fees 839
Provisions as to registers and other Documents in Patent Office
S. 66. Trust not to be entered in registers 839
S. 67. Inspection of and extracts from registers 839
S. 68. Privilege of reports of examiners 839
S. 69. Prohibition of publication of specifications drawings, etc., where appli¬cation abandoned, etc. 839
S. 70. Power for comptroller to correct clerical errors 839
S. 71. Registration of assignments, etc. 840
S. 72. Rectification of registers by court 840
Powers and Duties of Comptroller
S. 73. Exercise of discretionary power by comptroller 840
S. 73A. Costs and security for costs 840
(Section 74 omitted by 22 and 23 Geo. 5. c. 32, Schedule)
S. 75. Refusal to grant patent etc., in certain cases 841
S. 76. Annual reports of comptroller 841
Evidence, etc.
S. 77. Evidence before comptroller 841
S. 78. Certificate of comptroller to be evidence 841
S. 79. Evidence of documents in Patent Office 841
(Section 80 omitted by 22 and 23 Geo. 5 c. 32, Schedule)
S. 81. Applications and notices by post 841
S. 82. Excluded days 841
S. 83. Declaration by infant, person of unsound mind, etc. 841
S. 83A. Enforcement of order for grant of licence 842
Register of Patent Agents
S. 84. Registration of patent agents 842
S. 85. Agents for patents 842
Powers, etc. of Board of Trade
S. 86. Power for Board of Trade to make general rules 843
S. 87. Proceedings of the Board of Trade 843
S. 88. Provisions as to Order in Council 843
Offences
S. 89. Offences 843
S. 90. Unauthorised assumption of Royal Arms 844
S. 91. International and colonial arrangements 844
Definitions
S. 92. Provisions as to “the court” 845
S. 92A. Tribunal for appeals from the comptroller 845
S. 93. Definitions 846
APP. 23 PATENTS ACT, 1977 (UK) 848
Part I—New Domestic Law
Patentability
S. 1. Patentable inventions 848
S. 2. Novelty 849
S. 3. Inventive step 849
S. 4. Industrial application 849
S. 5. Priority date 850
S. 6. Disclosure of matter, etc., between earlier and later applications 850
Right to apply for and obtain a patent and be
mentioned as inventor
S. 7. Right to apply for and obtain a patent 851
S. 8. Determination before grant of questions about en-titlement to patents, etc. 851
S. 9. Determination after grant of questions referred before grant 852
S. 10. Handling of application by joint applicants 852
S. 11. Effect of transfer of application under s. 8 or 10. (1) 853
S. 12. Determination of questions about entitlement to for-eign and conven¬tion patents, etc. 853
S. 13. Mention of inventor 854
Applications
S. 14. Making of application 855
S. 15. Date of filing application 855
S. 16. Publication of application 856
Examination and Search
S. 17. Preliminary examination and search 856
S. 18. Substantive examination and grant or refusal of pat-ent 857
S. 19. General power to amend application before grant 858
S. 20. Failure of application 858
S. 21. Observations by third party on patentability 858
Security and safety
S. 22. Information prejudicial to defence of realm or safety of public 858
S. 23. Restrictions on applications abroad by United King-dom residents 860
Provisions as to patents after grant
S. 24. Publication and certificate of grant 860
S. 25. Term of patent 861
S. 26. Patent not to be impugned for lack of unity 861
S. 27. General power to amend specification after grant 861
S. 28. Restoration of lapsed patents 861
S. 29. Surrender of patents 862
Property in patents and applications, and registration
S. 30. Nature of, and transactions in, patents and applica-tions for patents 863
S. 31. Nature of, and transactions in, patents and applica-tions for patents in Scotland 863
S. 32. Register of patents, etc. 864
S. 33. Effect of registration, etc., on rights in patents. 864
S. 34. Rectification of register. 865
S. 35. Evidence of register, documents etc. 865
S. 36. Co-ownership of patents and applications for patents 865
S. 37. Determination of right to patent after grant 866
S. 38. Effect to transfer of patent under section 37 867
Employees’ inventions
S. 39. Right to employees’ inventions 868
S. 40. Compensation of employees for certain inventions 868
S. 41. Amount of compensation 869
S. 42. Enforceability of contracts relating to employees’ inventions 870
S. 43. Supplementary 870
Contracts as to patented products, etc.
S. 44. Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions 871
S. 45. Determination of parts of certain contracts 872
Licences of right and compulsory licences
S. 46. Patentee’s application for entry in register that li-cences are available as of right 873
S. 47. Cancellation of entry made under section 46 873
S. 48. Compulsory licences 874
S. 49. Provisions about licences under section 48 875
S. 50. Exercise of powers on applications under section 48 875
S. 51. Application by Crown in cases of monopoly or mer-ger 876
S. 52. Opposition, appeal and arbitration 877
S. 53. Compulsory licences; supplementary provisions 877
S. 54. Special provisions where patented invention is being worked abroad 878
Use of patented inventions for services of the Crown
S. 55. Use of patented inventions for services of the Crown 878
S. 56. Interpretation, etc., of provisions about Crown use 879
S. 57. Rights of third parties in respect of Crown use 880
S. 58. References of disputes as to Crown use 881
S. 59. Special provisions as to Crown use during emergency 883
Infringement
S. 60. Meaning of infringement 883
S. 61. Proceedings for infringement of patent 885
S. 62. Restrictions on recovery of damages for infringement 885
S. 63. Relief for infringement of partially valid patent 886
S. 64. Right to continue use begun before priority date 886
S. 65. Certificate of contested validity of patent 886
S. 66. Proceedings for infringement by a co-owner 886
S. 67. Proceedings for infringement by exclusive licensee 887
S. 68. Effect of non-registration on infringement proceed-ings 887
S. 69. Infringement of rights conferred by publication of application 887
S. 70. Remedy for groundless threats of infringement pro-ceedings 888
S. 71. Declaration or declarator as to non-infringement 888
Revocation of patents
S. 72. Power to revoke patents on application 888
S. 73. Comptroller’s power to revoke patents on his own initiative 889
Pulling Validity in Issue
S. 74. Proceedings in which validity of patent may be put in issue 890
General Provisions as to Amendment of Patents and Applications
S. 75. Amendment of patent in infringement or revocation proceedings 891
S. 76. Amendments of applications and patents not to in-clude added matter 891
Part II—Provisions About International
Conventions
European Patents and Patent Applications
S. 77. Effect of European Patent (UK) 891
S. 78. Effect of filing an application for a European Patent (UK) 892
S. 79. Operation of section 78 in relation to certain Euro-pean Patent applica¬tions 894
S. 80. Authentic text of European patents and patent appli-cations 894
S. 81. Conversion of European Patent applications 894
S. 82. Jurisdiction to determine questions as to right to a patent 895
S. 83. Effect of patent decisions of competent authorities of other states 896
S. 84. Patent agents and other representatives 897
S. 85. European patent attorneys 897
Community Patents
S. 86. Implementation of Community Patent Convention 898
S. 87. Decisions on Community Patent Convention 898
S. 88. Jurisdiction in legal proceedings in-connection with Community Patent Convention 898
International Applications for Patents
S. 89. Effect of filing international application for a patent 899
Convention Countries
S. 90. Orders in Council as to convention countries 900
Miscellaneous
S. 91. Evidence of conventions and instruments under con-ventions 901
S. 92. Obtaining evidence for proceedings under the Euro-pean Patent Conven¬tion 901
S. 93. Enforcement of orders for costs 902
S. 94. Communication of information to the European Pa-tent Office, etc. 902
S. 95. Financial provisions 902
Part III—Miscellaneous and General
Legal Proceedings
S. 96. The Patents Court 902
S. 97. Appeals from the comptroller 903
S. 98. Proceedings in Scotland 903
S. 99. General Powers of the court 903
S. 100. Burden of proof in certain cases 903
S. 101. Exercise of comptroller’s discretionary powers 904
S. 102. Right of audience in patent proceedings 904
S. 103. Extension of privilege for communications with soli-citors relating to patent proceedings 904
S. 104. Privilege for communications with patent agents re-lating to patent proceedings 904
S. 105. Extension of privilege in Scotland for communica-tions relating to patent proceedings 905
S. 106. Costs and expenses in proceedings before the court under section 40 905
S. 107. Costs and expenses in proceedings before the comptroller 905
S. 108. Licences granted by order of comptroller 906
Offences
S. 109. Falsification of register etc. 906
S. 110. Unauthorised claim of patent rights. 906
S. 111. Unauthorised claim that patent has been applied for 906
S. 112. Misuse of title “Patent Office” 906
S. 113. Offences by corporations 907
Patent agents
S. 114. Restrictions on practice as patent agent 907
S. 115. Power of comptroller to refuse to deal with certain agents 907
Immunity of department
S. 116. Immunity of department as regards official acts 908
Administrative provisions
S. 117. Correction of errors in patents and applications 908
S. 118. Information about patent applications and patents and inspection of documents 908
S. 119. Service by post 909
S. 120. Hours of business and excluded days 909
S. 121. Comptroller’s annual report 909
Supplemental
S. 122. Crown’s right to sell forfeited articles 909
S. 123. Rules 909
S. 124. Rules, regulations and orders; supplementary 910
S. 125. Extent of invention 910
S. 126. Stamp duty 911
S. 127. Existing patents and applications 911
S. 128. Priorities between patents and applications under 1949 Act and this Act 911
S. 129. Application of Act to Crown 912
S. 130. Interpretation 912
S. 131. Northern Ireland 914
S. 132. Short title, extent, commencement, consequential amendments and repeals 915
Schedule 1—Application of 1949 Act to Existing Patents and Applicants 915
Schedule 2—Application of this Act to Existing Pa-tents and Applications 917
Schedule 3—Repeals of Provisions of 1949 Act 918
Schedule 4—Transitional Provisions 918
Schedule 5—Consequential Amendments 922
Schedule 6—Enactments Repealed 922
APP. 24 EUROPEAN PATENT LAWS 923
History 923
Content 924
Substantive patent law 924
Procedure 925
The importance of patents 925
Common misconceptions about patents 926
The routes to a European patent 926
National patent applications 926
Patent Cooperation Treaty 926
Inventions 926
What is not patentable? 926
Further exclusions from patentability 926
Patenting of biotechnological inventions 927
Before applying for a European patent 927
Golden rules for a potential patent applicant 927
Search the patent literature 927
Study the market 928
Seek expert help 928
The grant procedure 928
Where to file a European patent application 928
The language of a European patent application 928
Components of a European patent application 928
Request for grant 928
Description 928
Claims 928
Drawings 928
Abstract 929
Filing and formalities examination 929
Search 929
Publication of the application 929
Substantive examination 929
The grant of a European patent 929
Opposition 929
Appeal 930
How much does a European patent cost? 930
APP. 25 SOFTWARE PATENT LAW: UNITED STATES AND EU-ROPE COMPARED 931
Introduction 931
Statutes and Fundamental Case Law 931
Patentability of Software 932
Patent Rights and Process 934
The Application Process 934
The Best Mode Dilemma 934
Term of Protection 934
Duty to License 935
Conclusion 935
APP. 26 US PATENT LAW—AN OVERVIEW 936
Executive summary 936
U.S. Patent Act—35 USCS Sects. 1- 376 937
Part I—Patent and Trademark Office
Chapt. I. Establishment, Officers, Functions
1. Establishment 938
2. Seal 938
3. Officers and employees 938
4. Restrictions on officers and employees as to interest in patents 948
6. Duties of Commissioner 938
7. Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences 939
8. Library 939
9. Classification of patents 939
10. Certified copies of records 939
11. Publications 939
12. Exchange of copies of patents with foreign countries 940
13. Copies of patents for public libraries 940
14. Annual report to Congress 940
21. Filing date and day for taking action 940
22. Printing of papers filed 940
23. Testimony in Patent and Trademark Office cases 940
24. Subpoenas, witnesses 940
25. Declaration in lieu of oath 941
26. Effect of defective execution 941
31. Regulations for agents and attorneys 941
32. Suspension or exclusion from practice 941
33. Unauthorized representation as practitioner 941
41. Patent fees 941
42. Patent and Trademark Office funding 943
Chapter II
100. Definitions 943
101. Inventions patentable 943
102. Conditions for patentability; novelty and loss of right to patent 943
103. Conditions for patentability; non-obvious subject-matter 944
104. Invention made abroad 944
105. Inventions in outer space 944
111. Application for patent 944
112. Specification 945
113. Drawings 945
114. Models, specimens 945
115. Oath of applicant 945
116. Inventors 946
117. Death or incapacity of inventor 946
118. Filing by other than inventor 946
119. Benefit of earlier filing date in foreign country; right of priority 946
120. Benefit of earlier filing date in the United States 947
121. Divisional applications 947
122. Confidential status of applications 947
131. Examination of application 947
132. Notice of rejection; reexamination 947
133. Time for prosecuting application 948
134. Appeal to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interfe-rences 948
135. Interferences 948
141. Appeal to Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 949
142. Notice of appeal 949
143. Proceedings on appeal 949
144. Decision on appeal 949
145. Civil action to obtain patent 949
146. Civil action in case of interference 949
151. Issue of patent 950
152. Issue of patent to assignee 950
153. How issued 950
154. Contents and term of patent 950
155. Patent term extension 950
155A. Patent term restoration 951
156. Extension of patent term 951
157. Statutory invention registration 957
161. Patent for plants 957
162. Description, claim 957
163. Grant 957
164. Assistance of Department of Agriculture 957
171. Patents for designs 958
172. Right of priority 958
173. Term of design patent 958
181. Secrecy of certain inventions and withholding of pa-tent 958
182. Abandonment of invention for unauthorized disclo-sure 959
183. Right to compensation 959
184. Filing of application in foreign country 959
185. Patent barred for filing without license 960
186. Penalty 960
187. Nonapplicability to certain persons 960
188. Rules and regulations, delegation of power 960
200. Policy and objective 960
201. Definitions 961
202. Disposition of rights 961
203. March-in rights 964
204. Preference for United States industry 964
205. Confidentiality 965
206. Uniform clauses and regulations 965
207. Domestic and foreign protection of federally owned inventions 965
208. Regulations governing Federal licensing 965
209. Restrictions on licensing of federally owned inven-tions 965
210. Precedence of chapter 967
211. Relationship to antitrust laws 968
212. Disposition of rights in educational awards 968
Chapter III—Patents and Protection of Patent Rights
251. Reissue of defective patents 968
252. Effect of reissue 969
253. Disclaimer 969
254. Certificate of correction of Patent and Trademark Office mistake 969
255. Certificate of correction of applicant’s mistake 969
256. Correction of named inventor 970
261. Ownership; assignment 970
262. Joint owners 970
271. Infringement of patent 970
272. Temporary presence in the United States 972
281. Remedy for infringement of patent 972
282. Presumption of validity; defenses 972
283. Injunction 973
284. Damages 973
285. Attorney fees 973
286. Time limitation on damages 973
287. Limitation on damages and remedies; marking and notice 973
288. Action for infringement of a patent containing an invalid claim 975
289. Additional remedy for infringement of design patent 975
290. Notice of patent suits 975
291. Interfering patents 976
292. False marking 976
293. Nonresident patentee; service and notice 976
294. Voluntary arbitration 976
295. Presumption: Product made by patented process 977
296. Liability of States, instrumentalities of States, and State officials for infringement of patents 977
301. Citation of prior art 977
302. Request for re-examination 977
303. Determination of issue by Commissioner 978
304. Reexamination order by Commissioner 978
305. Conduct of reexamination proceedings 978
306. Appeal 978
307. Certificate of patentability, unpatentability, and claim cancellation 978
Chapter IV—Patent Cooperation Treaty
351. Definitions 979
361. Receiving Office 979
362. International Searching Authority and International Preliminary Examining Authority 980
363. International application designating the United States: Effect 980
364. International stage: Procedure 980
365. Right of priority; benefit of the filing date of a prior application 980
366. Withdrawn international application 980
367. Actions of other authorities: Review 981
368. Secrecy of certain inventions; filing international applications in foreign countries 981
371. National stage: Commencement 981
372. National stage: Requirements and procedure 982
373. Improper applicant 982
374. Publication of international application: Effect 982
375. Patent issued on international application: Effect 983
376. Fees 983
APP. 27 THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002 984
Statement of Objects and Reasons 984
Chapter I—Preliminary
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 986
S. 2. Definitions 986
Chapter II—Regulation of Access to
Biological Diversity
S. 3. Certain persons not to undertake Biodiversity related activities without approval of National Biodiversity Authority 987
S. 4. Results of research not to be transferred to certain persons without approval of National Biodiversity Authority 987
S. 5. Sections 3 and 4 not to apply to certain collaborative research projects 987
S. 6. Application for intellectual property rights not to be made without approval of National Biodiversity Au-thority 988
S. 7. Prior intimation to State Biodiversity Board for ob-taining biological resource for certain purposes 988
Chapter III—National Biodiversity Authority
S. 8. Establishment of National Biodiversity Authority 988
S. 9. Conditions of service of Chairperson and Members 989
S. 10. Chairperson to be Chief Executive of National Biodi-versity Authority 989
S. 11. Removal of members 989
S. 12. Meetings of National Biodiversity Authority 989
S. 13. Committees of National Biodiversity Authority 990
S. 14. Officers and employees of National Biodiversity Au-thority 990
S. 15. Authentication of orders and decisions of National Biodiversity Authority 990
S. 16. Delegation of powers 990
S. 17. Expenses of National Biodiversity Authority to be defrayed out of the Consolidated Fund in India 990
Chapter IV—Functions and Powers of the
National Biodiversity Authority
S. 18. Functions and powers of National Biodiversity Au-thority 990
Chapter V—Approval by the National
Biodiversity Authority
S. 19. Approval by National Biodiversity Authority for un-dertaking certain activities 991
S. 20. Transfer of biological resource of knowledge 991
S. 21. Determination of equitable benefit sharing by National Biodiversity Authority 992
Chapter VI—State Biodiversity Board
S. 22. Establishment of State Biodiversity Board 992
S. 23. Functions of State Biodiversity Board 993
S. 24. Power of State Biodiversity Board to restrict certain activities violating the objectives of conservation, etc. 993
S. 25. Provisions of sections 9 to 17 to apply with modifications to State Biodiversity Board 993
Chapter VII—Finance, Accounts and Audit of
National Biodiversity Authority
S. 26. Grants or loans by the Central Government 993
S. 27. Constitution of National Biodiversity Fund 993
S. 28. Annual report of National Biodiversity Authority 994
S. 29. Budget, accounts and audit 994
S. 30. Annual report to be laid before Parliament 994
Chapter VIII—Finance, Accounts and Audit of
State Biodiversity Board
S. 31. Grant of money by State Government to State Biodi-versity Board 994
S. 32. Constitution of State Biodiversity Fund 994
S. 33. Annual report of State Biodiversity Board 995
S. 34. Audit of accounts of State Biodiversity Board 995
S. 35. Annual report of State Biodiversity Board to be laid before State Legislature 995
Chapter IX—Duties of the Central and the
State Governments
S. 36. Central Government to develop National strategies, plans, etc., for conservation, etc., of biological diver-sity 995
S. 37. Biodiversity heritage sites 996
S. 38. Power of Central Government to notify threatened species 996
S. 39. Power of Central Government to designate reposito-ries 996
S. 40. Power of Central Government to exempt certain bio-logical resources 996
Chapter X—Biodiversity Management Committees
S. 41. Constitution of Biodiversity Management Commit-tees 996
Chapter XI—Local Biodiversity Fund
S. 42. Grants to local Biodiversity Fund 997
S. 43. Constitution of Local Biodiversity Fund 997
S. 44. Application of Local Biodiversity Fund 997
S. 45. Annual report of Biodiversity Management Commit-tees 997
S. 46. Audit of accounts of Biodiversity Management Committees 997
S. 47. Annual report, etc., of the Biodiversity Management Committee to be submitted to District Magistrate 997
Chapter XII—Miscellaneous
S. 48. National Biodiversity Authority to be bound by the directions given by Central Government 998
S. 49. Power of State Government to give directions 998
S. 50. Settlement of disputes between State Biodiversity Boards 998
S. 51. Members, officers, etc., of National Biodiversity Au-thority and State Biodiversity Board deemed to be public servants 999
S. 52. Appeal 999
S. 53. Execution of determination or order 999
S. 54. Protection of action taken in good faith 999
S. 55. Penalties 999
S. 56. Penalty for contravention of directions or orders of Central Government, State Government, National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Boards 999
S. 57. Offences by companies 999
S. 58. Offences to be cognizable and non-bailable 1000
S. 59. Act to have effect in addition to other Acts 1000
S. 60. Power of Central Government to give directions to State Government 1000
S. 61. Cognizance of offences 1000
S. 62. Power of Central Government to make rules 1000
S. 63. Power of State Government to make rules 1001
S. 64. Power to make regulations 1001
S. 65. Power to remove difficulties 1001
APP. 28 THE YOUNG PERSONS (HARMFUL PUBLICAT-IONS) ACT, 1956 1002
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 1002
1. Preamble 1002
2. Intention of the Legislature 1002
3. Causus omissus 1002
5. Headings 1002
S. 2. Definitions 1002
S. 3. Penalty for sale, etc., of harmful publications 1003
S. 4. Power of Government to declare harmful publica-tions forfeited 1003
S. 5. Appeal to High Court against order of forfeiture 1003
S. 6. Power to seize and destroy harmful publications 1003
S. 7. Offences under this Act to be cognizable 1004
APP. 29 THE PRESS COUNCIL ACT,1978 1005
Chapter I—Preliminary
S. 1. Short title and extent 1005
S. 2. Definitions 1005
S. 3. Rule of construction respecting enactments not ex-tending to the State of Jammu and Kashmir or Sikkim 1005
Chapter II—Establishment of the Press Council
S. 4. Incorporation of the Council 1005
S. 5. Composition of the Council 1005
S. 6. Term of office and retirement of members 1006
S. 7. Conditions of service of members 1007
S. 8. Committees of the Council 1007
S. 9. Meetings of the Council and Committees 1007
S. 10. Vacancies among members or defect in the constitu-tion not to invalidate acts and proceedings of the Council 1007
S. 11. Staff of the Council 1007
S. 12. Authentication of orders and other instruments of the Council 1008
Chapter II—Powers and Functions of the Council
S. 13. Objects and functions of the Council 1008
S. 14. Power to censure 1008
S. 15. General powers of the Council 1009
S. 16. Levy of fees 1009
S. 17. Payments to the Council 1009
S. 18. Fund of the Council 1009
S. 19. Budget 1010
S. 20. Annual report 1010
S. 21. Interim reports 1010
S. 22. Accounts and audit 1010
Chapter IV—Miscellaneous
S. 23. Protection of action taken in good faith 1010
S. 24. Members, etc., to be public servants 1010
S. 25. Power to make rules 1010
S. 26. Power to make regulations 1011
S. 27. Amendment of Act 25 of 1867 1011
APP. 30 THE PRESS COUNCIL RULES. 1979 1012
R. 1. Short title 1012
R. 2. Definitions 1012
R. 3. Conditions of service of the Chairman 1012
R. 4. Allowances to be paid to members other than the Chairman 1012
R. 5. Method of recruitment 1013
R. 6. Reservation of posts for Scheduled Castes and Sche-duled Tribes 1013
R. 7. Production of medical certificate and verification of character and antecedents 1013
R. 8. Terms and conditions of service 1013
R. 9. Annual Report 1013
R. 10. Levy of fees 1013
APP. 31 THE PRESS COUNCIL (PROCEDURE FOR NOMI-NATION OF MEMBERS) RULES, 1978 1015
R. 1. Short title 1015
R. 2. Definitions 1015
R. 3. Invitation of panels to names for membership of the Council 1015
R. 4. Procedure for nomination of members 1016
R. 5. Procedure for election of a member of the Commit-tee referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 5 1016
APP. 32 THE PRESS COUNCIL (PROCEDURE FOR INQUIRY) REGULATIONS, 1979 1018
Reg. 1. Short title and commencement 1018
Reg. 2. Definitions 1018
Reg. 3. Contents of complaint in respect of a newspaper, news agency, editor or other working journalist under Section 14(1) of the Act 1018
Reg. 4. Return of complaint 1019
Reg. 5. Issue of notice 1019
Reg. 6. Filing of written statement 1020
Reg. 7. Power to call additional particulars etc. 1020
Reg. 8. Rejection of complaint of the same nature previously inquired into. 1020
Reg. 9. Inquiry by the Committee 1020
Reg. 10. Decision by the Council 1020
Reg. 11. Appearance of parties etc. 1020
Reg. 12. Restriction on the power of members to discuss and vote in certain cases 1020
Reg. 13. Power to take suo motu action 1021
Reg. 14. Procedure in respect of complaints etc. under section 13 1021
Reg. 15. Procedure in matters not provided for in these Regu-lations 1021
APP. 33 THE PRESS COUNCIL (PROCEDURE FOR COND-UCT OF MEETINGS AND BUSINESS) REGULAT-IONS, 1979 1022
Reg. 1. Short title and commencement 1022
Reg. 2. Definitions 1022
Reg. 3. Meetings of the Council 1022
Reg. 4. Quorum at meetings 1022
Reg. 5. Power to call meetings and notice of meetings 1022
Reg. 6. Power to raise matters at meetings 1022
Reg. 7. Calling of extraordinary meeting on requisition 1022
Reg. 8. Power of the Chairman to take decisions in urgent matters 1023
Reg. 9. Power to adjourn meetings 1023
Reg. 10. Decision by majority 1023
Reg. 11. Power to call to the meeting persons other than mem-bers 1023
Reg. 12. Agenda 1023
Reg. 13. Minutes of the meeting 1023
Reg. 14. Minutes of previous meeting 1023
Reg. 15. Chairman of presides over the meetings 1023
APP. 34 THE INDIAN PENAL CODE (RELEVANT EXTRA-CTS) 1024
S. 292. Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc. 1024
S. 293. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person 1025
APP. 35 THE PRESS AND REGISTRATION OF BOOKS ACT, 1867 1026
S. 1. Short title given by the Indian Short Titles Act, 1897 (14 of 1897) 1026
Preamble 1026
Part I—Preliminary
S. 1. Interpretation clause 1027
State Amendments 1027
Gujarat 1027
Karnataka 1027
Maharashtra 1027
S. 2. [Repeal of Act XI of 1935] 1027
Part II—Of Printing-Presses and Newspapers
S. 3. Particulars to be printed on books and papers 1027
S. 4. Keeper of printing press to make declaration 1028
State Amendments 1028
—Himachal Pradesh 1028
—Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh 1028
—Tamil Nadu 1028
—Himachal Pradesh 1029
S. 5. Rules as to publication of newspapers 1029
S. 5 A. Keepers of printing presses and printers and publish-ers of newspapers in Jammu and Kashmir to make and subscribe fresh declarations within specified pe-riod 1030
S. 6. Authentication of declaration 1031
S. 7. Office copy of declaration to be prima facie evidence 1031
S. 8. New declaration by persons who have signed de-claration and subsequently ceased to be printers or publishers 1031
S. 8A. Person whose name has been incorrectly published as editor may make a declaration before a Magistrate 1032
S. 8B. Cancellation of declaration 1032
S. 8C. Appeal 1033
Part III—Delivery of Books
S. 9. Books printed and delivered grants to Government 1034
State Amendments 1034
—Andhra Pradesh 1034
—Gujarat 1034
—Maharashtra 1034
—Karnataka 1034
—Manipur 1034
—Tamil Nadu 1035
—West Bengal 1035
S. 10. Receipt for copies delivered under Section 9 1035
State Amendments 1035
—Gujarat 1035
—Maharashtra 1035
S. 11. Disposal of copies delivered under Section 9 1035
State Amendments 1035
—Andhra Pradesh 1035
—Karnataka 1035
—Manipur 1035
—Tamil Nadu 1036
—West Bengal 1036
S. 11A. Copies of newspaper printed in India to be delivered gratis to Government 1036
S. 11B. Copies of Newspapers to Delivered to Press Registrar 1036
State Amendments 1036
—Gujarat 1036
—Karnataka 1036
—Maharashtra 1036
Part IV—Penalties
S. 12. Penalty for printing contrary to rule in Section 8 1036
S. 13. Penalty for keeping press without making declaration required by Section 4 1036
S. 14. Punishment for making false statement 1037
S. 15. Penalty for printing or publishing news¬paper without conforming to rules 1037
S. 15A. Penalty for failure to make a declaration under Sec-tion 8 1037
S. 16. Penalty for not delivering books or not supplying printer with maps 1037
S. 16A. Penalty for failure to supply copies of newspaper gratis to Government 1038
S. 16B. Penalty for failure to supply copies of newspapers to Press Registrar 1038
S. 17. Recovery of forfeitures and disposal thereof and of fines 1038
Part V—Registration of Books
S. 18. Registration of memoranda of books 1038
S. 19. Publication of memoranda regis¬-tered 1039
Part VA—Registration of Newspapers
S. 19A. Appointment of Press Registrar and other officers 1039
S. 19B. Register of newspapers 1039
S. 19C. Certificates of registration 1039
S. 19D. Annual statement etc., to be furnished by newspapers 1039
S. 19E. Returns and reports to be furnished by newspapers 1040
S. 19F. Right of access to records and documents 1040
S. 19G. Annual Report 1040
S. 19H. Furnishing of copies of extracts from Register 1040
S. 19-I. Delegation of powers 1040
S. 19J. Press Registrar and other officers to be public ser-vants 1040
S. 19K. Penalty for contravention of Section 19D or Section 19E, etc. 1040
S. 19L. Penalty for improper disclosure of information 1040
Part VI—Miscellaneous
S. 20. Power to make rules 1040
S. 20A. Power of Central Government to make rules 1041
S. 20B. Rules made under this Act may provide that contra-vention thereof shall be punishable 1041
S. 21. Power to exclude any class of books from operation of Act 1041
S. 22. Extent 1041
S. 23. Commencement 1041
APP. 36 THE REGISTRATION OF NEWSPAPERS (CENT-RAL) RULES, 1956 1042
R. 1. Short title and commencement 1042
R. 2. Definitions 1042
R. 3.
Form of declaration 1042
R. 4. Transmission of copies of declaration, etc., to the person concerned and to the Press Registrar 1042
R. 5. Delivery of copies of newspaper to the Press Regi-strar 1042
R. 6. Annual Statement 1043
R. 7. Maintenance of the Registrar 1043
R. 8. Particulars to be published in every newspaper 1043
R. 9. Furnishing of extracts from the Register 1043
R. 10. Certificate of registration 1043
R. 11. Annual Report 1044
R. 12. Penalty 1044
Schedule—
Form of Declaration 1044
Form I—See Rule 3 1045
Form II—See Rule 6(1) 1048
Form III—Register of Newspaper 1049
Form IV—(See Rule 8) 1049
Form V—Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India 1049
APP. 37 THE PRESS AND REGISTRATION APPELLATE BO-ARD (PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE) ORDER, 1961 1051
1. Short title 1051
2. Definitions 1051
3.
Form of Appeal 1051
4. Dismissal of time-barred appeals 1051
5. Power to call for records 1051
6. Date of hearing 1051
7. Hearing of appeal 1051
8. Contents of the order in appeal 1051
9. Communication of the order 1051
10. Representation by legal practitioners 1051
11. Service of notice 1052
APP. 38 THE ARCHITECTS ACT, 1972 1053
Chapter I—Preliminary
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 1053
S. 2. Definitions 1053
Chapter II—Council of Architecture
S. 3. Constitution of Council of Architecture 1053
S. 4. President and Vice-President of Council 1054
S. 5. Mode of elections 1054
S. 6. Terms of office and casual vacancies 1055
S. 7. Validity of act or proceedings of Council, Executive Committee or other committees not to be invalidated by reason of vacancy, etc. 1055
S. 8. Disabilities 1055
S. 9. Meetings of Council 1055
S. 10. Executive Committee and other committees 1055
S. 11. Fees and allowances to President, Vice-President and members 1056
S. 12. Officers and other employees 1056
S. 13. Finances of Council 1056
S. 14. Recognition of qualifications granted by authorities in India 1056
S. 15. Recognition of architectural qualifications granted by authorities in foreign countries 1057
S. 16. Power of Central Government to amend Schedule 1057
S. 17. Effect of recognition 1057
S. 18. Power to require information as to courses of study and examinations 1057
S. 19. Inspection of examinations 1057
S. 20. Withdrawal of recognition 1058
S. 21. Minimum standard of architectural education 1058
S. 22. Professional conduct 1058
Chapter III—Registration of Architects
S. 23. Preparation and maintenance of register 1058
S. 24. First preparation of register 1059
S. 25. Qualification for entry in register 1059
S. 26. Procedure for subsequent registration 1059
S. 27. Renewal fees 1060
S. 28. Entry of additional qualification 1060
S. 29. Removal from register 1060
S. 30. Procedure in inquiries relating to misconduct 1060
S. 31. Surrender of certificates 1061
S. 32. Restoration to register 1061
S. 33. Issue of duplicate certificate 1061
S. 34. Printing of register 1061
S. 35. Effect of registration 1061
Chapter IV—Miscellaneous
S. 36. Penalty for falsely claiming to be registered 1061
S. 37. Prohibition against use of title 1061
S. 38. Failure to surrender certificate of registration 1062
S. 39. Cognizance of offences 1062
S. 40. Information to be furnished by Council and publica-tion thereof 1062
S. 41. Protection of action taken in good faith 1062
S. 42. Members of Council and officers and employees to be public servants 1062
S. 43. Power to remove difficulties 1062
S. 44. Power of Central Government to make rules 1062
S. 45. Power of Council to make regulations 1063
The Schedule—Qualifications 1063
APP. 39 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 1065
Chapter 1—Preliminary
S. 1. Short title, extent, commencement and application 1065 —Satatement of Objects and Reasons 1066
S. 2. Definitions 1067
Chapter 2—Digital Signature
S. 3. Authentication of electronic records 1069
Chapter 3—Electronic Governance
S. 4. Legal recognition of electronic records 1069
S. 5. Legal recognition of digital signatures 1070
S. 6. Use of electronic records and digital signatures in Government and its agencies 1070
S. 7. Retention of electronic records 1070
S. 8. Publication of rules, regulation, etc., in Electronic Gazette 1071
S. 9. Sections 6, 7 and 8 not to confer right to insist docu-ment should be accepted in electronic form 1071
S. 10. Power to make rules by Central Government in re-spect of digital signature 1071
Chapter 4—Attribution, Acknowledgement and Despatch of Electronic Records
S. 11. Attribution of electronic records 1071
S. 12. Acknowledgement of receipt 1072
S. 13. Time and place of despatch and receipt of electronic record 1072
Chapter 5—Secure Electronic Records and Secure Digital Signatures
S. 14. Secure electronic record 1073
S. 15. Secure digital signature 1073
S. 16. Security procedure 1073
Chapter 6—Regulation of Certifying Authorities
S. 17. Appointment of Controller and other officers 1073
S. 18. Functions of Controller 1074
S. 19. Recognition of foreign Certifying Authorities 1074
S. 20. Controller to act as repository 1075
S. 21. Licence to issue Digital Signature Certificates 1075
S. 22. Application for licence 1075
S. 23. Renewal of licence 1076
S. 24. Procedure for grant or rejection of licence 1076
S. 25. Suspension of licence 1076
S. 26. Notice of suspension or revocation of licence 1077
S. 27. Power to delegate 1077
S. 28. Power to investigate contraventions 1077
S. 29. Access to computers and data 1077
S. 30. Certifying Authority to follow certain procedures 1077
S. 31. Certifying Authority to ensure compliance of the Act, etc. 1078
S. 32. Display of licence 1078
S. 33. Surrender of licence 1078
S. 34. Disclosure 1078
Chapter 7—Digital Signature Certificates
S. 35. Certifying Authority to issue Digital Signature Certificate 1079
S. 36. Representation upon issuance of Digital Signature Certificate 1079
S. 37. Suspension of Digital Signature Certificate 1080
S. 38. Revocation of Digital Signature Certificate 1080
S. 39. Notice of suspension or revocation 1080
Chapter 8—Duties of Subscribers
S. 40. Generating key pair 1081
S. 41. Acceptance of Digital Signature Certificate 1081
S. 42. Control of private key 1081
Chapter 9—Penalties and Adjudication
S. 43. Penalty for damage to computer, computer system, etc. 1082
S. 44. Penalty for failure to furnish information, return, etc. 1082
S. 45. Residuary penalty 1083
S. 46. Power to adjudicate 1083
S. 47. Factors to be taken into account by the adjudicating officer 1084
Chapter 10—The Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal
S. 48. Establishment of Cyber Appellate Tribunal 1084
S. 49. Composition of Cyber Appellate Tribunal 1084
S. 50. Qualifications for appointment as Presiding Officer of the Cyber Appellate Tribunal 1084
S. 51. Term of office 1084
S. 52. Salary, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding Officer 1084
S. 53. Filling up of vacancies 1085
S. 54. Resignation and removal 1085
S. 55. Orders constituting Appellate Tribunal to be final and not to invalidate its proceedings 1085
S. 56. Staff of the Cyber Appellate Tribunal 1085
S. 57. Appeal to Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal 1086
S. 58. Procedure and powers of the Cyber Appellate Tri-bunal 1086
S. 59. Right to legal representation 1087
S. 60. Limitation 1087
S. 61. Civil court not to have jurisdiction 1087
S. 62. Appeal to High Court 1087
S. 63. Compounding of contraventions 1087
S. 64. Recovery of penalty 1088
Chapter 11—Offences
S. 65. Tampering with computer source documents 1088
S. 66. Hacking with computer system 1088
S. 67. Publishing of information which is obscene in elec-tronic form 1088
S. 68. Power of the Controller to give directions 1089
S. 69. Directions of Controller to a subscriber to extend facilities to decrypt information 1089
S. 70. Protected system 1089
S. 71. Penalty for misrepresentation 1089
S. 72. Breach of confidentially and privacy 1090
S. 73. Penalty for publishing Digital Signature Certificate false in certain particulars 1090
S. 74. Publication for fraudulent purpose 1090
S. 75. Act to apply for offence or contravention committed outside India 1090
S. 76. Confiscation 1091
S. 77. Penalties and confiscation not to interfere with other punishments 1091
S. 78. Power to investigate offences 1091
Chapter 12—Network Service Providers not to be Liable in Certain Cases
S. 79. Network service providers not to be liable in certain cases 1091
Chapter 13—Miscellaneous
S. 80. Power of police officer and other officers to enter, search, etc. 1091
S. 81. Act to have overriding effect 1092
S. 81-A. Application of the Act to electronic cheque and trun-cated cheque 1092
S. 82. Controller, Deputy Controller and Assistant Control-lers to be public servants 1092
S. 83. Power to give directions 1093
S. 84. Protection of action taken in good faith.— 1093
S. 85. Offences by companies 1093
S. 86. Removal of difficulties 1093
S. 87. Power of Central Government to make rules 1093
S. 88. Constitution of Advisory Committee 1095
S. 89. Power of Controller to make regulations 1095
S. 90. Power of State Government to make rules 1096
S. 91. Amendment of Act 45 of 1860 1096
S. 92. Amendment of Act 1 of 1872 1097
S. 93. Amendment of Act 18 of 1891 1097
S. 94. Amendment of Act 2 of 1934 1097
The First Schedule—Amendments to the Indian Penal Code 1097
The Second Schedule—Amendments to the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872) 1099
The Third Schedule—Amendments to the Bankers Books Evidence Act, 1891 1102
The Fourth Schedule—Amendment to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 1103
PART IV
DESIGNS LAW RELATED
APPENDICES
APP. 40 THE DESIGNS ACT, 2000 1107
S. 1 Short title, extent and commencement 1107
S. 2. Definitions 1107
Chapter II—Registration of Designs
S. 3. Controller and other officers 1108
S. 4. Prohibition of registration of certain designs 1108
S. 5. Application for registration of designs 1108
S. 6. Registration to be in respect of particular article 1109
S. 7. Publication of particulars of registered designs 1109
S. 8. Power of Controller to make orders regarding substi-tution of application, etc. 1109
S. 9. Certificate of registration 1110
S. 10. Register of designs 1110
Chapter III—Copyright on Registration
S. 11. Copyright on registered 1110
S. 12. Restoration of lapsed designs 1111
S. 13. Procedure for disposal of applications for restoration of lapsed designs 1111
S. 14. Rights of proprietor of lapsed design which have been restored 1111
S. 15. Requirements before delivery on sales 1111
S. 16. Effect of disclosure on copyright 1112
S. 17. Inspection of registered designs 1112
S. 18. Information as to existence of copyright 1112
S. 19. Cancellation of registration 1112
S. 20. Designs to bind Government 1112
Chapter IV—Industrial and International Exhibitions
S. 21. Provisions as to exhibitions 1112
Chapter V—Legal Proceedings
S. 22. Piracy of registered design 1113
S. 23. Application of certain provisions of the Act as to patents to designs 1113
Chapter VI—General
Fees
S. 24. Fees 1113
Provisions as to registers and other documents in the patent office
S. 25. Notice of trust not to be entered in registers 1114
S. 26. Inspection of and extracts from registers 1114
S. 27. Privilege of reports of Controller 1114
S. 28. Prohibition and publication of specification, draw-ings, etc., where application abandoned, etc. 1114
S. 29. Power of Controller to correct clerical errors 1114
S. 30. Entry assignment and transmission in registers of 1114
S. 31. Rectification of register 1115
Chapter VII—Powers and Duties of Controller
S. 32. Powers of Controller in proceedings under Act 1115
S. 33. Exercise of discretionary power by Controller 1115
S. 34. Power of Controller to take directions of the Central Government 1115
S. 35. Refusal to register a design in certain 1115
S. 36. Appeals to the High Court 1115
Chapter VIII—Evidence, Etc.
S. 37. Evidence before the Controller 1116
S. 38. Certificate of Controller to be evidence 1116
S. 39. Evidence of documents in patent office 1116
S. 40. Application and notices by post 1116
S. 41. Declaration by infant, lunatic, etc 1116
S. 42. Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions 1116
Chapter IX—Agency
S. 43. Agency 1117
Chapter X—Powers, etc., of Central Government
S. 44. Reciprocal arrangement with the United Kingdom and other convention countries or group of countries or intergovernmental organisations 1117
S. 45. Report of the Controller to be placed before Parlia-ment 1118
S. 46. Protection of security of India 1118
S. 47. Power of Central Government to make rules 1118
Chapter XI—Repeal and Saving
S. 48. Repeal and savings 1120
APP. 41 THE DESIGNS RULES, 2001 1121
Preliminary
R. 1. Short title and commencement 1121
R. 2. Definition 1121
R. 3. Leaving and serving documents 1122
R. 4. Address for service 1122
R. 5. Fees 1122
R. 6. Forms 1123
R. 7. Size, etc. of documents 1123
R. 8. Signature and verification of documents specified in sections 5, 12, 19 and 37 1123
R. 9. Agency 1123
R. 10. Classification of Goods 1123
Application for Registration
R. 11. Application 1123
R. 12. Statement of novelty 1123
R. 13. Additional copies of representation or specimens 1123
R. 14. Representation 1124
R. 15. Reciprocity application for the registration of a design 1124
R. 16. Manner in which a claim under sub-section (1) of section 8(1) shall be made 1124
R. 17. Acceptance 1126
R. 18. Objections 1125
R. 19. Decision of Controller 1125
R. 20. Date for appeal 1125
R. 21. Non-completion within six months 1125
R. 22. Publication of the particulars of registered design under section 7 1125
R. 23. Manner of making an application under sub-section (2) of section 11 1125
R. 24. Restoration of Designs 1125
R. 25. Payment of unpaid extension fee 1126
Marking of Articles
R. 26. Marking of articles before delivery on sale 1126
Inspections and Searches
R. 27. Inspection of designs 1126
R. 28. Search under section 18 1126
Cancellation
R. 29. Cancellation of registration of designs under section 19 1126
GENERAL
Register of Designs
R. 30. Registering designs 1127
R. 31. Alteration of address 1127
R. 32. Registration of documents under sub-section (3) of section 30 1128
R. 33. Application for entry of subsequent proprietorship 1128
R. 34. Particulars in applications 1128
R. 35. Production of documents of title and other proof 1128
R. 36. Form of entry 1128
R. 37. Entry of notification of documents 1128
R. 38. Hours of inspection of Register 1128
R. 39. Rectification of Register 1128
R. 40. Opposition to rectification 1128
Certificates
R. 41. Certified copies of documents 1129
R. 42. Form etc. of affidavits 1129
Award of Cost by Controller
R. 43. Scale of costs 1130
Miscellaneous Powers of Controller
R. 44. Exercise of discretionary power of controller, miscel-laneous power of controller 1130
R. 45. Controller may require statement 1130
R. 46. General Power of amendment 1130
R. 47. General Power to enlarge time 1130
Repeal
R. 48. Repeal 1130
The First Schedule—Fees 1130
The Second Schedule—List of Forms 1132
Form 1—Application for registration of designs 1133
Form 2—Claim under section 8(1) to proceed as an applicant or joint applicant 1134
Form 3—Application to extent copyright 1135
Form 4—Application for the restoration of design under section 12(2) 1136
Form 5—Request for inspection under section 17(1) 1136
Form 6—Request for search under section 18 1137
Form 7—Request for search under section 18 1137
Form 8—Petition for cancellation for the Registration of a design under section 19 1138
Form 9—Notice of intended exhibition of Publication of an unregistered design 1139
Form 10—Application for registration of a document in the register of design 1139
Form 11—Application for entry of name proprietor or part proprietor in register of designs 1140
Form 12—Application for entry of a mortgage or li-cence in register of designs 1141
Form 13—Application for entry of notification of document in register of designs 1142
Form 14—Request for correction of clerical error 1143
Form 15—Request for certified copy under section 26 and rule 41 1143
Form 16—Application for certified copy of the registered design 1144
Form 17—Rectification of register under section 31 1145
Form 18—Application for extension of time 1145
Form 19—Notice of opposition 1146
Form 20—Notice of intention to attend hearings 1147
Form 21—Power of authority to agent 1148
Form 22—Notice of alteration of address or name or an address for service in the register of designs 1148
Form 23—Request for entry of two addresses for ser-vice in register of designs 1149
The Third Schedle—Classification of goods 1150
List of Classes and Sub-classes, with Explanatory Notes 1150
Class 01—Foodstuffs 1150
Class 02—Articles of clothing and haberdashery 1150
Class 03—Travel goods, cases, parasols and personal belongings, not elsewhere specified 1150
Class 04—Brushware 1150
Class 05—Textile piece goods, artificial and natural sheet material 1150
Class 06—Furnishing 1152
Class 07—Household goods, not elsewhere specified 1152
Class 08—Tools and hardware 1153
Class 09—Packages and containers for the transport or handling of goods 1153
Class 10—Clocks and watches and other measuring instruments, checking and signaling instruments 1154
Class 11—Articles of adornment 1155
Class 12—Means of transport or hoisting 1155
Class 13—Equipment for production, distribution or transformation of electricity 1156
Class 14—Recording communication or information retrieval equipment 1156
Class 15—Machines, not elsewhere specified 1157
Class 16—Photographic, cinematographic and optical apparatus 1157
Class 17—Musical instruments 1158
Class 18—Printing and office machinery 1158
Class 19—Stationery and office equipment, artists’ and teaching materials 1158
Class 20—Sales and advertising equipment, signs 1159
Class 21—Games, toys, tents and sports goods 1159
Class 22—Arms, pyrotechnic articles, articles for hunting, fishing and pest killing 1160
Class 23—Fluid distribution equipment, sanitary, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning Equip-ment, solid fuel 1160
Class 24—Medical laboratory equipment 1160
Class 25—Building units and construction elements 1161
Class 26—Lighting apparatus 1161
Class 27—Tobacco and smokers’ supplies 1161
Class 28—Pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, toiler articles and apparatus 1162
Class 29—Devices and equipment against fire ha-zards, for accident prevention and for rescue 1162
Class 30—Articles for the care and handling of ani-mals 1162
Class 31—Machines and appliances for preparing food or drink, not elsewhere specified 1163
Class 99—Miscellaneous 1163
The Fourth Schedule—Scale of costs allowable in proceedings before the Controller 1163
APP. 42 THE DESIGNS ACT, 1911 1164
Preliminary
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 1164
S. 2. Definitions 1164
S. 2A. Rule of construction in application of Act to Part B States 1165
PART I
[Patents]
Repealed by the Patents Act, 1970, Section 162 and Schedule (w.e.f. 20-4-1972)
PART II
DESIGNS
Registration of Designs
S. 43. Application for registration of designs 1165
S. 44. Registration of designs in new classes 1165
S. 45. Certificate of registration 1166
S. 46. Register of Design 1166
Copyright in Registered Designs
S. 47. Copyright on registration 1166
S. 48. Requirements before delivery on sales 1166
S. 49. Effect of disclosure on copyright 1167
S. 50. Inspection of registered designs 1167
S. 51. Information as to existence of copyright 1167
S. 51A. Cancellation of registration 1167
S. 51B. Designs to bind Government 1168
Industrial and International Exhibitions
S. 52. Provisions as to exhibitions 1168
Legal Proceeding
S. 53. Piracy of registered design 1168
S. 54. Application of certain provisions of the Act as to patents to designs 1168
PART III
GENERAL
Patent Office and Proceedings thereat
S. 55. Patent Office 1169
S. 56. Officers and clerks 1169
Fees
S. 57. Fees 1169
Provisions as to Registers and other Documents in the Patent Office
S. 58. Notice of trust not be entered in registers 1169
S. 59. Inspection of and extracts from registers 1169
S. 59A. Information relating to patents 1169
S. 60. Privilege of reports of Controller 1169
S. 61. Prohibition of publication of specification, drawings, etc., where application abandoned, etc. 1169
S. 62. Power of controller to correct clerical errors 1169
S. 63. Entry of assignments and transmissions in register 1169
S. 64. Rectification of register 1170
Powers and Duties of Controller
S. 65. Powers of Controller in proceedings under Act 1170
S. 66. Publication of patented inventions 1170
S. 67. Exercise of discretionary power by Controller 1170
S. 68. Power of Controller to take directions of the Central Government 1170
S. 69. Refusal to grant patent, etc., in certain cases 1171
S. 70. Appeals to the Central Government 1171
Evidence, etc.
S. 70A. Evidence before the Controller 1171
S. 71. Certificate of Controller to be evidence 1171
S. 71A. Evidence of documents in Patent Office 1171
S. 72. Transmission of copies of specifications, etc., and inspection thereof 1171
S. 73. Application and notices by post 1171
S. 74. Declaration by infant, lunatic, etc. 1171
S. 74A. Security for costs 1171
Agency
S. 75. Subscription and verification of certain documents 1172
S. 76. Agency 1172
Powers, etc., of Central Government
S. 77. Power for Central Government to make rules 1172
Offences
S. 78. Wrongful use of words “Patent Office” 1172
Reciprocal arrangements with the United Kingdom and
Other Commonwealth countries
S. 78A. Reciprocal arrangement with United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries 1172
S. 78B. Special provisions relating to applications relevant for defence purposes 1173
S. 78C. Special provisions in respect of applicants for patents in the field of food, drug or medicine 1173
S. 78D. Contravention of directions under section 78B or section 78C 1173
S. 78E. Contravention of directions under section 78B 1173
Savings and Repeal
S. 79. Savings for prerogative 1173
S. 80. Repeals and savings 1173
S. 81. Substitution of patents for rights under repealed Act 1174
The Schedule—Fees 1174
APP. 43 THE DESIGNS RULES, 1933 1175
Preliminary
R. 1. Short title, extent and commencement 1175
R. 2. Definitions 1175
R. 3. Leaving and serving documents 1175
R. 4. Address for service 1175
R. 5. Fees 1176
R. 6. Forms 1176
R. 7. Size, etc., of documents 1176
R. 8. Omitted, relating to patents 1176
R. 9. Agency 1176
Designs
R. 34. Classification of goods 1176
Application for Registration
R. 35. Application 1176
R. 36. Statement of novelty 1177
R. 37. Additional copies of representations or specimens 1177
R. 38. Representations 1177
R. 38A. Reciprocity application for the registration of a design 1177
R. 39. Acceptance 1178
R. 40. Objections 1178
R. 41. Decision of Controller 1178
R. 42. Date of appeal 1178
R. 43. Non-completion within six months 1178
Extension of period
R. 44. Deleted. 1178
Marketing of Articles
R. 45. Marketing of articles before delivery on sale 1178
Inspection and Searches
R. 46. Inspection of designs 1178
R. 47. Search under section 51 1178
Cancellation
R. 48. Cancellation of registration of designs under section 51A 1179
General
Register of Designs
R. 49. Omitted by item 10 of the Fifth Schedule to Patents Rules, 1972. 1180
R. 50. Omitted by item 10 of the Fifth Schedule to Patents Rules, 1972. 1180
R. 51. Omitted by item 10 of the Fifth Schedule to Patents Rules, 1972. 1180
R. 52. Registering designs 1180
R. 53. Alteration of Address 1180
R. 54. Application for entry of subsequent proprietorship 1180
R. 55. Particulars in applications 1180
R. 56. Production of documents of title and other proof 1180
R. 57. Form of entry 1180
R. 58. Entry of notification of documents 1180
R. 59. Hours of inspection of registers 1180
R. 60. Rectification of register 1180
R. 61. Opposition to rectification 1181
Appeals
R. 62. Appeals to the Central Government 1181
Certificates
R. 63. Certified copies of documents 1181
R. 63A. Omitted by item 20 of the Fifth Schedule to Patents Rules, 1972 1182
Affidavits
R. 63B. Form etc. of affidavits 1182
Award of Costs by Controller
R. 63C. Scale of Costs 1182
R. 63D. Omitted by item 21 of the Fifth Schedule to Patents Rules, 1972 1182
Miscellaneous Powers of the Controller
R. 64. Exercise of discretionary Power of Controller 1182
R. 65. Controller may require statement 1182
R. 66. General powers of amendment 1182
R. 67. General power to enlarge time 1183
Repeal
R. 68. Repeal 1183
The First Schedule—Fees 1183
The Second Schedule—List of Forms 1185
Form—Application for extension of time 1186
Form 5—Appeal to Central Government under sec-tion 43 or 69 1187
Form 6—Notice of opposition 1187
Form 7—Notice of intention to attend hearing 1188
Form 14—Notice of intended exhibition of publica-tion of an unregistered designs 1189
Form 15—Application for registration of designs 1189
Form 16—Under reciprocal arrangements with the United kingdom or other parts of Her Majesty’s domination 1190
Form 17—Application for registration of design to be applied to a set 1191
Form 18—Request for grounds of decision 1192
Form 19—Application to extend copyright 1192
Form 20—When registration number is supplied 1193
Form 21—Request for search under section 51 1193
Form 22—Application for cancellation of the regis-tration of a design under section 51A 1194
Form 23—Notice of alteration of name or an Address for service in the register of designs 1194
Form 24—Request for entry of two Addresses for service in the register of designs 1195
Form 25—Application for entry of name of Proprie-tor or part proprietor in register of designs 1196
Form 26—Application for entry of mortgage or li-cence in register of designs 1197
Form 27—Application for entry of notification of document in register of designs 1198
Form 28—Request for correction of clerical error 1198
Form 29—Request for certificate 1199
Form 30—Rectification of register 1200
Form 31—Power of authority to agents 1200
The Fourth Schedule—Classification of Goods 1201
The Fifth Schedule—Scale of Costs Allowable in Proceeding before the Controller 1202
The Sixth Schedule—Certificate of Registration of Designs 1202
APP. 44 GATT, 1994 1204
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 1204
Part I—General Provisions and Basic Principles
Article 1 Nature and Scope of Obligations 1205
Article 2 Intellectual Property Conventions 1205
Article 3 National Treatment 1205
Article 4 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 1205
Article 5 Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Mainten-ance of Protection 1206
Article 6 Exhaustion 1206
Article 7 Objectives 1206
Article 8 Principles 1206
Part II—Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope
and Use of Intellectual Property Rights
Article 9 Relation to the Berne Convention 1206
Article 10 Computer Programmes and Compilations of Data 1206
Article 11 Rental Rights 1207
Article 12 Term of Protection 1207
Article 13 Limitations and Exceptions 1207
Article 14 Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recordings) and Broadcasting Organizations Rights Conferred 1207
Section 2—Trade Marks
Article 15 Protect able Subject-matter 1208
Article 16 Rights Conferred 1208
Article 17 Exceptions 1208
Article 18 Term of Protection 1209
Article 19 Requirement of Use 1209
Article 20 Other Requirements 1209
Article 21 Licensing and Assignment 1209
Section 3—Geographical Indications
Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications 1209
Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits 1210
Article 24 International Negotiations: Exceptions 1210
Section 4—lndustrial Designs
Article 25 Requirements for Protection 1211
Article 26 Protection 1211
Section 5—Patents
Article 27 Patentable Subject-matter 1212
Article 28 Rights Conferred 1212
Article 29 Conditions on Patent Applicants 1212
Article 30 Exceptions to Rights Conferred 1212
Article 31 Other use without authorization of the right-holder 1212
Article 32 Revocation/Forfeiture 1213
Article 33 Term of Protection 1214
Article 34 Process Patents: Burden of Proof 1214
Section 6—Layout-Designs (Topographies) of
Integrated Circuits
Article 35 Relation to IPIC Treaty 1214
Article 36 Scope of Protection 1214
Article 37 Acts not Requiring the Authorization of the Right-holder 1214
Article 38 Term of Protection 1215
Section 7—Protection of Undisclosed Information

Article 39 1215
Section 8—Control of Anti-Competitive Practices in
Contractual Licences

Article 40 1215
Part III—Enforcement of Intellectual
Property Rights
Section 1: General obligations
Article 41 1216
Section 2: Civil and administrative procedures and reme-dies
Article 42 Fair and Equitable Procedures 1216
Article 43 Evidence 1217
Article 44 Injunctions 1217
Article 45 Damages 1217
Article 46 Other Remedies 1217
Article 47 Right of Information 1217
Article 48 Indemnification of the Defendant 1218
Article 49 Administrative Procedures 1218
Section 3: Provisional measures
Article 50 1218
Section 4: Special requirements related to border measures
Article 51 Suspension of Release by Customs Authorities 1219
Article 52 Application 1219
Article 53 Security or Equivalent Assurance 1219
Article 54 Notice of Suspension 1219
Article 55 Duration of Suspension 1219
Article 56 Indemnification of the Importer and of the Owner of the Goods 1220
Article 57 Right of Inspection and Information 1220
Article 58 Ex Officio Action 1220
Article 59 Remedies 1220
Article 60 De Minimis Imports 1220
Section 5: Criminal Procedures

Article 61 1220
Part IV—Acquistion and Maintenance of Intellectual Prop-erty Rights and related Inter-Partes Procedures

Article 62 1221
Part V—Dispute Prevention and Settlement
Transparency 1221
Article 64 Dispute Settlement 1222
Part VI—Transitional Arrangements
Article 65 Transitional Arrangements 1222
Article 66 Least-Developed Country Members 1222
Article 67 Technical Co-operation 1223
Part VII—Institutional Arrangements: Final Provisions
Article 68 Council for Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 1223
Article 69 International Co-operation 1223
Article 70 Protection of Existing Subject-matter 1223
Article 71 Review and Amendment 1224
Article 72 Reservations 1224
Article 73 Security Exceptions 1225
APP. 45 TRIPS AGREEMENT—EXTRACTS 1226
Part II—Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights
Section 1—Copyright and Related Rights
Article 9 Relation to Berne Convention 1226
Article 10 Computer Programs and Compilations of Data 1226
Article 11 Rental Rights 1226
Article 12 Term of Protection 1226
Article 13 Limitations and Exceptions 1227
Article 14 Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recordings) and Broadcasting Organizations
Section 2—Trade Marks
Article 15 Protectable Subject-matter 1227
Article 16 Rights Conferred 1228
Article 17 Exceptions 1228
Article 18 Term of Protection 1228
Article 19 Requirement of use 1228
Article 20 Other Requirements 1228
Article 21 Licensing and Assignment 1229
Section 3—Geographical Indications
Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications 1229
Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits 1229
Article 24 International Negotiations: Exceptions 1229
Section 4—Industrial Designs
Article 25 Requirements for Protection 1231
Article 26 Protection 1231
Section 5—Patents
Article 27 Paten table Subject-matter 1231
Article 28 Rights Conferred 1232
Article 29 Conditions on Patent Applicants 1232
Article 30 Exceptions to Rights Conferred 1232
Article 31 Other use without Authorization of the Right-holder 1232
Article 32 Revocation/Forfeiture 1233
Article 33 Term of Protection 1233
Article 34 Process Patents: Burden of Proof 1233
Section 6—Layout-Designs (Topographies) of
Integrated Circuits
Article 35 Relation to IPIC Treaty 1233
Article 36 Scope of Protection 1233
Article 37 Acts not Requiring the Authorization of the Right-holder 1234
Article 38 Term of Protection 1234
Section 7—Protection of Undisclosed Information
Article 39 1234
APP. 46 RATIFICATION OF PARIS CONVENTION, 1933 1235
Notification No. SO 1041(E), dt. 3-12-1998 1235
Table 1235
APP. 47 COPYRIGHT, DESIGNS AND PATENT ACT, 1988 (UK) 1238
Part I—Copyright
Chapter I—Subsistence Ownership and Duration of Copy-right
Introductory
S. 1. Copyright and copyright works 1238
S. 2. Rights subsisting in copyright works 1238
Descriptions of work and related provisions
S. 3. Literary, dramatic and musical works 1239
S. 3A. Database 1239
S. 4. Artistic works 1239
S. 5. Sound recording and films 1239
S. 5A. Sound recording 1240
S. 5B. Films 1240
S. 6. Broadcasts 1240
S. 6A. Safeguards in case of certain satellite broadcasts 1241
S. 7. Cable programmes 1241
S. 8. Published editions 1242
Authorship and ownership of copyright
S. 9. Authorship of work 1242
S. 10. Works of joint authorship 1243
S. 11. First ownership of copyright 1243
S. 12. Duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works 1243
S. 13A. Duration of copyright in sound recordings 1244
S. 13B. Duration of copyright in films 1244
S. 14. Duration of copyright in broadcasts and cable pro-grammes 1245
S. 15. Duration of copyright in typographical arrangement of published editions 1245
S. 15A. Meaning of country of origin 1245
Chapter II—Rights of Copyright Owner
The acts restricted by copyright
S. 16. The acts restricted by copyright in a work 1246
S. 17. Infringement of copyright by copying 1247
S. 18. Infringement by issue of copies to the public 1247
S. 18A. Infringement by rental or lending of work to the public 1247
S. 19. Infringement by performance, showing or playing of work in public 1248
S. 20. Infringement by broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service 1248
S. 21. Infringement by making adaptation or act done in relation to adaptation 1248
Secondary infringement of copyright
S. 22. Secondary infringement: importing infringing copy 1249
S. 23. Secondary infringement: possessing or dealing with infringing copy 1249
S. 24. Secondary infringement: providing means for making infringing copies 1249
S. 25. Secondary infringement: permitting use of premises for infringing performance 1249
S. 26. Secondary infringement: provision of apparatus for infringing performance etc. 1249
Infringing copies
S. 27. Meaning of ‘infringing copy’ 1250
Chapter III—Acts Permitied in Relation to Copyright Works
Introductory
S. 28. Introductory provisions 1251
General
S. 29. Research and private study 1251
S. 30. Criticism, review and news reporting 1251
S. 31. Incidental inclusion of copyright material 1252
Education
S. 32. Things done for purposes of instruction or examina-tion 1252
S. 33. Anthologies for educational use 1252
S. 34. Performing, playing or showing work in course of activities of educational establishment 1253
S. 35. Recording by educational establishments of broad-casts and cable programmes 1253
S. 36. Reprographic copying by educational establishments of passages from published works 1253
S. 36A. Lending of copies by educational establishment 1253
Libraries and archives
S. 37. Libraries and archives: introductory 1254
S. 38. Copying by librarians: articles in periodicals 1254
S. 39. Copying by librarians: parts of published works 1254
S. 40. Restriction on production of multiple copies of the same material 1255
S. 40A. Lending of copies by librarians or archives 1255
S. 41. Copying by librarians: supply of copies to other libraries 1255
S. 42. Copying by librarians or archivists: replacement cop-ies of works 1255
S. 43. Copying by librarians or archivists: certain unpub-lished works 1255
S. 44. Copy of work required to be made as condition of export 1256
Public administration
S. 45. Parliamentary and judicial proceedings 1256
S. 46. Royal commissions and statutory inquiries 1256
S. 47. Material open to public inspection or on official register 1256
S. 48. Material communicated to the crown in the course of public business 1257
S. 49. Public records 1257
S. 50. Acts done under statutory authority 1257
Back up copies
S. 50A. Computer programs: lawful users 1258
S. 50B. Decompilation 1258
S. 50C. Other acts permitted to lawful users 1258
Databases: permitted acts
S. 50D. Acts permitted in relation to databases 1259
S. 51. Design documents and models 1259
S. 52. Effect of exploitation of design derived from artistic work 1259
S. 53. Things done in reliance on registration of design 1259
Typefaces
S. 54. Use of typeface in ordinary course of printing 1260
S. 55. Articles for producing material in particular typeface 1260
Works in electronic form
S. 56. Transfers of copies of works in electronic form 1260
Miscellaneous: literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works
S. 57. Anonymous or pseudonymous works: acts permitted on assumption as to expiry of copyright or death of author 1261
S. 58. Use of notes or recordings of spoken words in certain cases 1261
S. 59. Public reading or recitation 1261
S. 60. Abstracts of scientific or technical articles 1261
S. 61. Recording of folk songs 1262
S. 62. Representation of certain artistic works on public display 1262
S. 63. Advertisement of sale of artistic work 1262
S. 64. Making of subsequent works by same artist 1263
S. 65. Reconstruction of buildings 1263
Miscellaneous lending of works and playing of sound recordings
S. 66. Lending to public of copies of certain works 1263
Miscellaneous: films and sound recordings
S. 66A. Films: acts permitted on assumption as to expiry of copyright etc. 1263
S. 67. Playing of sound recordings for purposes of club, society etc. 1263
Miscellaneous: broadcasts and cable programmes
S. 68. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast, or cable programme 1264
S. 69. Recording for purposes of supervision and control of broadcasts and cable programmes 1264
S. 70. Recording for purposes of time-shifting 1265
S. 71. Photographs of television broadcasts or cable pro-grammes 1265
S. 72. Free public showing or playing of broadcast or cable programme 1265
S. 73. Reception and re-transmission of broadcast in cable programme service 1265
S. 73A. Royalty or other sum payable in pursuance of section 73(4) 1266
S. 74. Provision of subtitled copies of broadcast or cable programme 1267
S. 75. Recording for archival purposes 1267
Adaptations
S. 76. Adaptations 1267
Chapter IV—Moral Rights
Right to be identified as author or director
S. 77. Right to be identified as author or director 1267
S. 78. Requirement that right be asserted 1268
S. 79. Exceptions to right 1269
Right to object to derogatory treatment of work
S. 80. Right to object to derogatory treatment of work 1270
S. 81. Exceptions to right 1271
S. 82. Qualification of right in certain cases 1271
S. 83. Infringement of right by possessing or dealing with infringing article 1271
False attribution of work
S. 84. False attribution of work 1272
Right to privacy of certain photographs and films
S. 85. Right to privacy of certain photographs and films 1273
Supplementary
S. 86. Duration of rights 1273
S. 87. Consent and waiver of rights 1273
S. 88. Application of provisions to joint works 1273
S. 89. Application of provisions to parts of works 1274
Chapter V—Dealings with Rights in Copyright Works
Copyright
S. 90. Assignment and licences 1274
S. 91. Prospective ownership of copyright 1274
S. 92. Exclusive licences 1275
S. 93. Copyright to pass under will with unpublished work 1275
S. 93A. Presumption of transfer of rental right in case of film production agreement 1275
Right to equitable remuneration where
rental right transferred
S. 93B. Right to equitable remuneration where rental right transferred 1276
S. 93C. Equitable remuneration: reference of amount to Cop-yright Tribunal 1276
S. 94. Moral rights not assignable 1277
S. 95. Transmission of moral rights on death 1277
Chapter VI—Remedies for Infringement Rights and remedies of copyright owner
S. 96. Infringement actionable by copyright owner 1277
S. 97. Provisions as to damages in infringement action 1277
S. 98. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings 1278
S. 99. Order for delivery up 1278
S. 100. Right to seize infringing copies and other articles 1278
S. 101. Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee 1279
S. 102. Exercise of concurrent rights 1279
Remedies for infringement of moral rights
S. 103. Remedies for infringement of moral rights 1280
Presumptions
S. 104. Presumptions relevant to literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works 1280
S. 105. Presumptions relevant to sound recordings and films 1280
S. 106. Presumptions relevant to works subject to Crown copyright 1281
Offences
S. 107. Criminal liability for making or dealing with infring-ing articles etc. 1281
S. 107A. Enforcement by local weights and measures authority 1282
S. 108. Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings 1282
S. 109. Search warrants 1283
S. 110. Offence by body corporate: liability of officers 1284
Provision for preventing importation of infringing copies
S. 111. Infringing copies may be treated as prohibited goods 1284
S. 112. Power of Commissioners of Customs and Excise to make regulations 1284
Supplementary
S. 113. Period after which remedy of delivery up not availa-ble 1285
S. 114. Order as to disposal of infringing copy or other article 1285
S. 115. Jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court 1286
Chapter VII—Copyright Licensing
Licensing schemes and licensing bodies
S. 116. Licensing schemes and licensing bodies 1286
References and applications with respect to licensing schemes
S. 117. Licensing schemes to which sections 118 to 123 ap-ply 1286
S. 118. Reference of proposed licensing scheme to tribunal 1287
S. 119. Reference of licensing scheme to tribunal 1287
S. 120. Further reference of scheme to tribunal 1287
S. 121. Application for grant of licence in connection with licensing scheme 1288
S. 122. Application for review of order as to entitlement to licence 1288
S. 123. Effect of order of tribunal as to licensing scheme 1289
References and applications with respect to
licensing by licensing bodies
S. 124. Licences to which the following sections apply 1289
S. 125. Reference to tribunal of proposed licence 1290
S. 126. Reference to tribunal of expiring licence 1290
S. 127. Application for review of order as to licence 1290
S. 128. Effect of order of tribunal as to licence 1290
Factors to be taken into account in certain
classes of case
S. 129. General considerations: unreasonable discrimination 1291
S. 130. Licences for reprographic copying 1291
S. 131. Licences for educational establishments in respect of works included in broadcasts or cable programmes 1291
S. 132. Licences to reflect conditions imposed by promoters of events 1291
S. 133. Licences to reflect payments in respect of underlying rights 1292
S. 134. Licences in respect of works included in retransmis-sions 1292
S. 135. Mention of specific matters not to exclude other rele-vant considerations 1292
Use as of right of sound recordings in broadcasts
and cable programme services
S. 135A. Circumstances in which right available 1292
S. 135B. Notice of intention to exercise right 1293
S. 135C. Conditions for exercise of right 1293
S. 135D. Applications to settle payments. 1294
S. 135E. References etc.about conditions, information and other terms 1294
S. 135F. Application for review of order 1294
S. 135G. Factors to be taken into account 1294
S. 135H. Power to amend sections 135A to 135G 1295
Implied indemnity in schemes or licences for
reprographic copying
S. 136. Implied indemnity in certain schemes and licences for reprographic copying 1295
Reprographic copying by educational establishments
S. 137. Power to extend coverage of scheme or licence 1295
S. 138. Variation or discharge of order extending scheme or licence 1296
S. 139. Appeals against orders 1296
S. 140. Inquiry whether new scheme or general licence re-quired 1297
S. 141. Statutory licence where recommendation not imple-mented 1298
Royalty or other sum payable for lending of certain works
S. 142. Royalty or other sum payable for lending of certain works 1298
Certification of licensing schemes
S. 143. Certification of licensing schemes 1299
Powers exercisable in consequence of competition report
S. 144. Powers exercisable in consequence of report of Mo-nopolies and Mergers Commission 1299
Compulsory collective administration of certain rights
S. 144A. Collective exercise of certain rights in relation to cable retransmission 1300
Chapter VIII—The Copyright Tribunal
The Tribunal
S. 145. The Copyright Tribunal 1300
S. 146. Membership of the Tribunal 1301
S. 147. Financial provisions 1301
S. 148. Constitution for purposes of proceedings 1301
Jurisdiction and procedure
S. 149. Jurisdiction of the Tribunal 1302
S. 150. General power to make rules 1302
S. 151. Costs, proof of orders etc. 1303
S. 151A. Award of interest 1303
Appeals
S. 152. Appeal to the court on point of law 1303
Chapter IX—Qualification for and Extent of
Copyright Protection
Qualification for copyright protection
S. 153. Qualification for copyright protection 1304
S. 154. Qualification by reference to author 1304
S. 155. Qualification by reference to country of first publica-tion 1305
S. 156. Qualification by reference to place of transmission 1305
Extent and application of this Part
S. 157. Countries to which this Part extends 1305
S. 158. Countries ceasing to be colonies 1305
S. 159. Application of this Part to countries to which it does not extend 1306
S. 160. Denial of copyright protection to citizens of countries not giving adequate protection to British works 1306
Supplementary
S. 161. Territorial waters and the continental shelf 1307
S. 162. British ships, aircraft and hovercraft 1307
Chapter X—Miscellaneous and General
Crown and Parliamentary copyright
S. 163. Crown Copyright 1307
S. 164. Copyright in Acts and Measures 1308
S. 165. Parliamentary copyright 1308
S. 166. Copyright in Parliamentary Bills 1309
S. 167. Houses of Parliament: supplementary provisions with respect to copyright 1309
Other miscellaneous provisions
S. 168. Copyright vesting in certain international organisa-tions 1309
S. 169. Folklore etc.: anonymous unpublished works 1310
Transitional provisions and savings
S. 170. Transitional provisions and savings 1310
S. 171. Rights and privileges under other enactments or the common law 1310
Interpretation
S. 172. General provisions as to construction 1311
S. 172A. Meaning of EEA and related expressions 1311
S. 173. Construction of references to copyright owner 1311
S. 174. Meaning of ‘educational establishment’ and related expressions 1311
S. 175. Meaning of publication and commercial publication 1312
S. 176. Requirement of signature: application in relation to body corporate 1313
S. 177. Adoption of expressions for Scotland 1313
S. 178. Minor definitions 1313
S. 179. Index of defined expressions 1315
Part II—Rights in Performances
S. 180. Rights conferred on performers and persons having recording rights 1315
Performers’ rights
S. 181. Qualifying performances 1316
S. 182. Consent required for recording, &c. of live perfor-mance 1316
S. 182A. Consent required for copying of recording 1316
S. 182B. Consent require for Issue of copies to public 1316
S. 182C. Consent required for rental or lending of copies to public 1317
S. 182D. Right to equitable remuneration for exploitation of sound recording 1317
S. 183. Infringement of performer’s rights by use of record-ing made without consent 1318
S. 184. Infringement of performer’s rights by importing, possessing or dealing with illicit recording 1318
Rights of person having recording rights
S. 185. Exclusive recording contracts and persons having recording rights 1318
S. 186. Consent required for recording of performance sub-ject to exclusive contract 1319
S. 187. Infringement of recordings rights by recording made without consent 1319
S. 188. Infringement of recording rights by importing, pos-sessing or dealing with illicit recording 1319
Exceptions to rights conferred
S. 189. Acts permitted notwithstanding rights conferred by this Part 1320
S. 190. Power of Tribunal to give consent on behalf of per-former in certain cases 1320
Duration of rights
S. 191. Duration of rights 1320
Performers’ property rights
S. 191A. Performers’ property rights 1321
S. 191B. Assignment and licences 1321
S. 191C. Prospective ownership of a performer’s property rights 1321
S. 191D. Exclusive licences 1321
S. 191E. Performer’s property right to pass under will with unpublished original recording 1322
S. 191F. Presumption of transfer of rental right in case of film production agreement 1322
S. 191G. Right to equitable remuneration where rental rights transferred 1322
S. 191H. Equitable remuneration: reference of amount to Cop-yright Tribunal 1322
S. 191-I. Infringement actionable by rights owner 1323
S. 191J. Provisions as to damages in infringement action 1323
S. 191K. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings 1323
S. 191L. Rights and remedies for exclusive licensee 1323
S. 191M. Exercise of concurrent rights 1324
Non-property rights
S. 192A. Performer’s non-property rights 1324
S. 192B. Transmission of rights or person having recording rights 1325
S. 193. Consent 1325
Remedies for infringement
S. 194. Infringement actionable as breach of statutory duty 1325
Delivery up or seizure of illicit recordings
S. 195. Order for delivery up 1325
S. 196. Right to seize illicit recordings 1325
S. 197. Meaning of ‘illicit recording’ 1326
Offences
S. 198. Criminal liability for making, dealing with or using illicit recordings 1326
S. 198A. Enforcement by local weights and measures authority 1327
S. 199. Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings 1327
S. 200. Search warrants 1328
S. 201. False representation of authority to give consent 1328
S. 202. Offence by body corporate: liability of officers 1328
Supplementary provisions with respect to delivery
up and seizure
S. 203. Period after which remedy of delivery up not avail-able 1329
S. 204. Order as to disposal of illicit recording 1329
S. 205. Jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court 1330
Licensing of performers, property rights
S. 205A. Licensing of performers’ property rights 1330
Jurisdiction of Copyright Tribunal
S. 205B. Jurisdiction of Copyright Tribunal 1330
Qualification for protection and extent
S. 206. Qualifying countries, individuals and persons 1330
S. 207. Countries to which this Part extends 1331
S. 208. Countries enjoying reciprocal protection 1331
S. 209. Territorial waters and the continental shelf 1331
S. 210. British ships, aircraft and hovercraft 1331
Interpretation
S. 211. Expressions having same meaning as in copyright provisions 1332
S. 212. Index of defined expressions 1332
Part III—Design right
Chapter I—Design Right in Original Designs
Introductory
S. 213. Design right 1333
S. 214. The designer 1333
S. 215. Ownership of design right 1334
S. 216. Duration of design right 1334
S. 223. Prospective ownership of design right 1334
S. 224. Assignment of right in registered design presumed to carry with it design right 1334
S. 225. Exclusive licences 1335
Chapter II—Rights of Design Right Owner and Remedies
Infringement of design right
S. 226. Primary infringement of design right 1335
S. 227. Secondary infringement: importing or dealing with infringing article 1335
S. 228. Meaning of ‘infringing article’ 1335
Remedies for infringement
S. 229. Rights and remedies of design right owner 1336
S. 230. Order for delivery up 1336
S. 231. Order as to disposal of infringing articles etc. 1337
S. 232. Jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court 1337
S. 233. Innocent infringement 1337
S. 234. Right and remedies of exclusive licensee 1338
S. 235. Exercise of concurrent rights 1338
Chapter III—Exceptions to Rights of Design Right Owners
Infringement of copyrights
S. 236. Infringement of copyright 1338
Availability of licences of right
S. 237. Licences available in last five years of design right 1338
S. 238. Powers exercisable for protection of the public inter-est 1339
S. 239. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings 1339
Crown use of designs
S. 240. Crown use of designs 1339
S. 241. Settlement of terms for Crown use 1340
S. 242. Rights of third parties in case of Crown use 1341
S. 243. Crown use: compensation for loss of profit 1342
S. 244. Special provision for Crown use during emergency 1342
General
S. 245. Power to provide for further exceptions 1343
Chapter IV—Jurisdiction of the Comptroller and the Court
Jurisdiction of the comptroller
S. 246. Jurisdiction to decide matters relating to design right 1343
S. 247. Application to settle terms of licence of right 1343
S. 248. Settlement of terms where design right owner un-known 1344
S. 249. Appeals as to terms of licence of right 1344
S. 250. Rules 1344
Jurisdiction of the court
S. 251. References and appeals on design right matters 1344
S. 252. Reference of disputes relating to Crown use 1345
Chapter V—Miscellaneous and General
Miscellaneous
S. 253. Remedy for groundless threats of infringement pro-ceedings 1345
S. 254. Licensee under licence of right not to claim connec-tion with design right owner 1346
Extent of operation of this Part
S. 255. Countries to which this Part extends 1346
S. 256. Countries enjoying reciprocal protection 1346
S. 257. Territorial waters and the continental shelf 1347
Interpretation
S. 258. Construction of references to design right owner 1347
S. 259. Joint designs 1347
S. 260. Application of provisions to articles in kit form 1347
S. 261. Requirement of signature: application in relation to body corporate 1347
S. 262. Adaptation of expressions in relation in Scotland 1347
S. 263. Minor definitions 1348
S. 264. Index of defined expressions 1348
Part IV—Registered Designs
Amendments of the Registered Designs Act, 1949
S. 265. Registrable designs 1349
S. 266. Provisions with respect to certain designs registered in pursuance of application made before commence-ment 1349
S. 267. Authorship and first ownership of designs 1350
S. 268. Right given by registration of design 1350
S. 269. Duration of right in registered design 1350
S. 270. Powers exercisable for protection of the public inter-est 1350
S. 271. Crown use: compensation for loss of profit 1350
S. 272. Minor and consequential amendments 1350
Supplementary
S. 273. Text of Registered Designs Act, 1949 as amended 1350
Part V—Patent Agents and Trade Mark Agents
Patent agents
S. 274. Persons permitted to carryon business of a patent agent 1351
S. 275. The register of patent agents 1351
S. 276. Persons entitled to describe themselves as patent agents 1351
S. 277. Persons entitled to describe themselves as European patent attorneys etc. 1352
S. 278. Use of the term ‘patent attorney’: supplementary pro-visions 1352
S. 279. Power to prescribe conditions etc.for mixed partner-ships and bodies corporate 1353
S. 280. Privilege for communications with patent agents 1353
S. 281. Power of comptroller to refuse to deal with certain agents 1354
Trade mark agents Ss. 282-284 Repealed by Trade Marks Act, 1994, Schedule 5. 1354
Supplementary
S. 285. Offences committed by partnership and bodies corpo-rate 1354
S. 286. Interpretation 1355
Part VI—Patents
Patents county courts
S. 287. Patents county courts: special jurisdiction 1355
S. 288. Financial limits in relation to proceedings within spe-cial jurisdiction of patents county court 1355
S. 289. Transfer of proceedings between High Court and pa-tents county court 1356
S. 290. Limitation of costs where pecuniary claim could have been brought in patents county court 1356
S. 291. Proceedings in patents county court 1356
S. 292. Rights and duties of registered patent agents in rela-tion to proceedings in patents county court 1357
Licences of right in respect of certain patents
S. 293. Restriction of acts authorised by certain licences 1357
S. 294. When application may be made for settlement of terms of licence 1358
Patents: miscellaneous amendments
S. 296 Patents : miscellaneous amendments 1358
Part VII—Miscellaneous and General
Devices designed to circumvent copy-protection
Devices designed to circumvent copy-protection
Computer programs
S. 296A. Avoidance of certain terms 1359
S. 296B. Avoidance of certain terms relating to databases 1359
Fraudulent reception of transmissions
S. 297. Offence of fraudulently receiving programmes 1359
S. 297A. Unauthorised decoders 1360
S. 298. Rights and remedies in respect of apparatus etc., for unauthorised reception 1360
S. 299. Supplementary provisions as to fraudulent reception 1360
Fraudulent application or use of trade mark
S. 300. Repealed 1361
Provisions for the benefit of the Hospital for
Sick Children
S. 301. Provisions for the benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children 1361
Financial assistance of certain international bodies
S. 302. Financial assistance for certain international bodies 1361
General
S. 303. Consequential amendments and repeals 1361
S. 304. Extent 1361
S. 305. Commencement 1362
S. 306. Short title 1362
Schedule 1—Copyright transitional provisions and savings 1362
General principles: continuity of the law 1363
Subsistence of copyright 1363
Authorship of work 1364
First ownership of copyright 1364
Duration of copyright in existing works 1364
Perpetual copyright under the Copyright Act, 1775 1365
Act infringing copyright 1366
Designs 1367
Assignments and licences 1368
Bequests 1369
Remedies for infringement 1370
Copyright Tribunal: proceedings pending on com-mencement 1370
Qualification for copyright protection 1370
Dependent territories 1370
Territorial waters and the continental shelf 1371
British ships, aircraft and hovercraft 1371
Crown copyright 1371
Copyright vesting in certain international organisations 1372
Meaning of ‘publication’ 1373
Meaning of ‘unauthorised’ 1373
Schedule 2—Rights in performance: permitted acts 1373
1. Introductory 1373
Criticism, reviews and news reporting 1373
Incidental inclusion of performance or recording 1373
Things done for purposes of instruction or exami-nation 1373
Playing or showing sound recording, film., broad-cast or cable programme at educational estab-lishment 1374
Recording of broadcasts and cable programmes by educational establishments 1374
Lending of copies by educational establishments 1374
Copy of work required to be made as condition of export 1375
Parliamentary and judicial proceedings 1375
Royal Commissions and statutory inquiries 1375
Public records 1375
Acts done under statutory authority 1375
Transfer of copies of works in electronic form 1375
Use of recordings of spoken works in certain cases 1376
Recordings of folksongs 1376
Lending of certain recordings 1376
Playing of sound recording for purpose of club, society etc. 1377
Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programmme 1377
Recordings for purposes of supervision and control of broadcasts and cable programmes 1377
Showing or playing of broadcast or cable pro-gramme 1378
Reception and re-transmission of broadcast in ca-ble programme service 1378
Provision of subtitled copies of broadcast or cable programme 1379
Recording of broadcast or cable programme for archival purposes 1379
Schedule 2A—Licensing of Performers’ Property Rights 1380
Licensing schemes and licensing bodies 1380
References and applications with respect to licens-ing schemes 1380
Reference of licensing scheme to tribunal 1381
References and applications with respect to licens-ing by licensing bodies 1381
Reference to tribunal of proposed licence 1381
Reference to tribunal of expiring licence 1382
Application for review of order as to licence 1382
General considerations: unreasonable discrimina-tion 1383
Application to settle royalty or other Sum payable for lending 1383
Certification of licensing schemes 1383
Powers exercisable ill consequence of competition of report 1384
Schedule 3 1384
Schedule 4—Section 273 1384
Schedule 5—Section 295 1385
Schedule 6—Provisions for the benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children 1385
Interpretation 1385
Entitlement to royalty 1385
Exceptions 1385
Saving 1385
Procedure for determining amount payable 1385
Slims received to be held on trust 1386
Right only for the benefit of the Hospital 1386
Schedule 7—Consequential amendments: general 1386
British Mercantile Marine Uniform Act 1919 1386
Chartered Associations (Protection of Names and Uniforms) Act, 1926 (c. 26) 1386
Patents. Designs, Copyright and Trade Marks (Emergency) Act, 1939 (c.107) 1386
Crown proceedings Act, 1947 (c. 44) 1387
Patents Act, 1949 (c. 88) 1387
Public Libraries (Scotland) Act, 1955 (c. 27) 1387
London County Council (General Powers) Act. 1958 (c. xxi) 1388
Public Libraries and Museums Act 1388
Marine etc. Broadcasting (Offences) Act, 1967 (C’.41) 1388
Medicines Act, 1968 (c. 67) 1388
Post Office Act, 1969 (c. 48) 1388
Merchant Shipping Act, 1970 (c. 36) 1388
Taxes Management Act, 1970 (c. 9) 1389
Tribunals and inquiries Act, 1971 (c. 62) 1389
Fair Trading Act, 1973 (c. 41) 1389
House of Common Disqualification Act, 1975 (c. 24) 1389
Northern Ireland Assembly Disqualification Act, 1975 (c. 25) 1389
Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1976 (c. 34) 1389
Design right 1389
Resale Prices Act, 1976 (c. 53) 1390
Patents Act, 1977 (c. 37) 1390
Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977 (c. 50) 1390
Judicature (Northern Ireland Act, 1978 (c. 23) 1390
Capital Gains Tax Act, 1979 (c. 14) 1391
British Telecommunications Act, 1981 (c. 38) 1391
Supreme Court Act, 1981 (c. 54) 1391
Broadcasting Act, 1981 (c. 68) 1391
Cable and Broadcasting Act, 1984 (c. 46) 1391
Companies Act, 1985 (c. 6) 1391
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scot-land) Act, 1985 (c. 73) 1392
Atomic Energy Authority Act, 1986 (c. 3) 1392
Education and Libraries (Northern Ireland) Order, 1986 [SI1986/594 (N13) 1392
Companies (Northern Ireland) Order, 1986 [SI1986/1032 (N 16) 1392
Income and Corporation Taxes Act, 1988 (c. 1) 1392
‘Designs 1393
S. 537A. Relief for payments in respect of designs 1393
537B. Taxation of design royalties where owner abroad 1393
Schedule 8—Repeals—Section 272 1394
APP. 48 THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1956 (UK) 1398
Part I—Copyright in Original Works
S. 1. nature of copyright under this act 1398
S. 2. Copyright in literary, dramatic and musical works 1398
S. 3. Copyright in artistic works 1399
S. 4. Ownership of copyrighting, literary, dramatic, musi-cal and artistic works 1400
S. 5. Infringements by importation, sale and other dealings 1401
S. 6. General exceptions from protection of literary, dra-matic and musical works 1401
S. 7. Special exceptions as respects libraries and archives 1402
S. 8. Special exception in respect of records of musical works 1404
S. 9. General exceptions from protection of artistic works 1406
S. 10. Special exception in respect of industrial designs 1407
S. 11. Provisions as to anonymous and pseudonymous works, and works of joint authorship 1408
Part II—Copyright in Sound Recordings,
Cinematograph Films, Broadcasts, Etc.
S. 12. Copyright in sound recordings 1409
S. 13. Copyright in cinematograph films 1410
S. 14. Copyright in television broadcasts and sound broad-casts 1411
S. 15. Copyright in published editions of works 1413
S. 16. Supplementary provisions for purposes of Part II 1413
Part III—Remedies for Infringement of Copyright
S. 17. Action by owner of copyright for Infringement 1414
S. 18. Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copies, etc. 1415
S. 19. Proceedings in case of copyright subject to exclusive licence 1415
S. 20. Proof of acts in copyright actions 1417
S. 21. Penalties and summary proceedings in respect of dealings which infringe copyright 1418
S. 22. Provision for restricting importation of printed copies 1419
Part IV—Performing Right Tribunal
S. 23. Establishment of tribunal 1420
S. 24. General provisions as to jurisdiction of tribunal 1420
S. 25. Reference of licence schemes to tribunal 1421
S. 26. Further reference of scheme to tribunal 1422
S. 27. Applications to tribunal 1423
S. 28. Exercise of jurisdiction of tribunal in relation to diffusion of foreign broadcasts 1423
S. 29. Effect of orders of tribunal, and supplementary provisions relating thereto 1424
S. 30. Reference of questions of law to the court 1425
Part V—Extension or Restriction of Operation of Act
S. 31. Extension of Act to Isle of Man, Channel Islands, colonies and dependencies 1426
S. 32. Application of Act to countries to which it does not extend 1427
S. 33. Provisions as to international organisations 1428
S. 34. Extended application of provisions relating to broad-casts 1428
S. 35. Denial of copyright to citizens of countries not giving adequate protection to British works 1428
S. 37. Prospective ownership of copyright 1429
S. 40. Broadcasts of sound recordings and cinematograph films, and diffusion of broadcast programmes 1431
S. 41. Use of copyright material for education 1432
S. 41. Use of copyright material for education 1432
S. 42. Special provisions as to public records 1433
S. 43. False attribution of authorship 1433
S. 44. Amendments of Registered Designs Act, 1949 1434
S. 45. Amendment of Dramatic and Musical Performers’ Protection Act, 1925 1435
S. 46. Savings 1435
S. 47. General provisions as to Orders in Council, regula-tions, rules and orders, and as to Board of Trade 1436
S. 48. Interpretation 1436
S. 49. Supplementary provisions as to interpretation 1439
S. 50. Transitional provisions and repeals 1440
S. 51. Short title, commencement and extent 1440
APP. 49 THE REGISTERED DESIGNS ACT, 1949 (UK) 1441
Registrable designs and proceedings for registration
S. 1. Designs registrable under Act 1441
S. 2. Proprietorship of designs 1442
S. 3. Proceedings for registration 1442
S. 4. Registration of same design in respect of other ar-ticles, etc 1442
S. 5. Provisions for secrecy of certain designs 1443
S. 6. Provisions as to confidential disclosure, etc. 1444
S. 7. Right given by registration 1444
S. 8. Duration of right in registered design 1445
S. 8A. Restoration of lapsed right in design 1446
S. 8B. Effect of order for restoration of right 1446
S. 9. Exemption of innocent infringer from liability for damages 1447
S. 10. Compulsory licence in respect of registered design 1447
S. 11. Cancellation of registration 1447
S. 11A. Power exercisable for protection of the public interest 1448
S. 11B. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings 1448
S. 12. Use for services of the Crown 1449
International Arrangements
S. 13. Orders in Council as to convention countries 1449
S. 14. Registration of design where application for protec-tion in convention country has been made 1449
S. 15. Extension of time for applications under s. 14 in cer-tain cases 1449
S. 16. Protection of designs communicated under interna-tional agreements 1450
Register of designs. etc.
S. 17. Register of designs 1451
S. 18. Certificate of registration 1452
S. 19. Registration of assignments, etc. 1452
S. 20. Rectification of register 1452
S. 21. Power to correct clerical errors 1453
S. 22. Inspection of registered designs 1453
S. 23. Information as to existence of right in registered de-sign 1454
Legal proceedings and appeals
S. 25. Certificate of contested validity of registration 1454
S. 26. Remedy for groundless threats of infringement pro-ceedings 1454
S. 27. The court 1454
S. 28. The Appeal Tribunal 1454
Powers and duties of Registrar
S. 29. Exercise of discretionary powers of registrar 1455
S. 30. Costs and security for costs 1455
S. 31. Evidence before registrar 1456
Offences
S. 33. Offences under section 5 1456
S. 34. Falsification of register, etc. 1456
S. 35. Fine or falsely representing a design as registered 1456
S. 35A. Offence by body corporate: liability of officers 1457
Rules, etc.
S. 36. General power of Secretary of State to make rules, etc. 1457
S. 37. Provisions as to rules and Orders 1457
Supplemental
S. 39. Hours of business and excluded days 1458
S. 40. Fees 1458
S. 41. Service of notices, &c., by post 1458
S. 42. Annual report of registrar 1458
S. 43. Savings 1458
S. 44. Interpretation 1458
S. 45. Application to Scotland 1459
S. 46. Application to Northern Ireland 1459
S. 47. Application to Isle of Man 1458
S. 47A. Territorial waters and the continental shelf 1459
S. 48. Repeals, savings, and transitional provisions 1459
S. 49. Short title and commencement 1460
APP. 50 BERNE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LI-TERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS (PARIS ACT, 1971) 1461
Art. 1 1461
Art. 2 1461
Art. 2. bis 1462
Art. 3 1462
Art. 4 1462
Art. 5 1462
Art. 6 1463
Art. 6 bis 1463
Art. 7 1463
Art. 7bis 1464
Art. 8 1464
Art. 9 1464
Art. 10 1464
Art. 10bis 1465
Art. 11 1465
Art. 11bis 1465
Art. 11 ter 1465
Art. 12 1465
Art. 13 1466
Art. 14 1466
Art. 14bis 1466
Art. 14ter 1467
Art. 15 1467
Art. 16 1467
Art. 17 1467
Art. 18 1467
Art. 19 1468
Art. 20 1468
Art. 21 1468
Art. 22 1468
Art. 23 1469
Art. 24 1470
Art. 25 1471
Art. 26 1472
Art. 27 1473
Art. 28 1473
Art. 29. 1473
Art. 29bis 1474
Art. 30 1474
Art. 31 1474
Art. 32 1474
Art. 33 1475
Art. 34 1475
Art. 35 1475
Art. 36 1475
Art. 37 1475
Art. 38 1476
Special Provisions Regarding Developing Countries
Art. I 1476
Art. II 1477
Art. III 1478
Art. IV 1479
Art. V 1480
Art. VI 1481
APP. 51 UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION AS REVIS-ED AT PARIS (1971) 1482
The Contracting States 1482
Art. I 1482
Art. II 1482
Art. III 1482
Art. IV 1483
Art. IV bis 1484
Art. V 1484
Art. V bis 1484
Art. V quarter 1485
Art. V quarter 1485
Art. VI 1487
Art. VII 1489
Art. VIII 1489
Art. IX 1489
Art. X 1489
Art. XI 1489
Art. XII 1490
Art. XIII 1490
Art. XIV 1490
Art. XV 1490
Art. XVI 1490
Art. XVII 1490
Art. XVIII 1491
Art. XIX 1491
Art. XX 1491
Art. XXI 1491
Appendix declaration relating to Article XVII 1491
Resolution concerning Article XI 1491
Protocol 1 1492
Protocol. 2 1492
PART V
THE SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS LAYOUT-DESIGNS
CHAP. 1 INTRODUCTION 1495
1.1 The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-De-sign Act, 2000 1496
1.1.1 Scheme of the Act 1496
1.2 Layout-design and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) 1496
1.3 Salient features of the Semiconductor Integrated Cir-cuits Layout-Design Act, 2000 1497
CHAP. 2 DEFINITIONS 1498
2.1 Semiconductor integrated circuit 1498
2.2 Layout-design 1499
2.3 Registered proprietor 1499
2.4 Commercial exploitation 1499
CHAP. 3 REGISTRATIONOF LAYOUT-DESIGNS 1500
3.1 Procedure for registration of a layout-design 1500
3.1.1 Submission of application 1500
3.1.1.1 Prohibition of registration of certain layout-designs 1500
3.1.2 Advertisement of application 1501
3.1.3 Opposition to the registration 1501
3.1.4 Registration of layout-design 1501
3.2 Duration of registration 1502
3.3 Rights conferred on the proprietor of the layout-de-sign 1502
CHAP. 4 INFRINGEMENT OF LAYOUT-DESIGN 1503
4.1 Infringement 1503
4.2 Remedies against infringement of registered layout-designs 1505
CHAP. 5 USE OF LAYOUT-DESIGN AND REGISTERED US-ERS 1506
5.1 Registered users 1506
5.2 Cancellation of registration as registered user 1506
5.2.1 Right of registered user 1507
CHAP. 6 OFFENCES AND PENALTIES RELATING TO REGI-STERED LAYOUT-DESIGN 1508
6.1 Penalties 1508
6.2 Exemption from offences 1509
6.3 Offences by companies 1509
6.4 Cognizance of certain offences 1509
CHAP. 7 LAYOUT-DESIGN APPELLATE BOARD 1510
7.1 Establishment 1510
7.2 Composition of Appellate Board 1510
7.3 Qualifications 1510
7.3.1 Other matters 1511
7.4 Procedure before the Appellate Board 1511
7.5 Appeal to Appellate Board 1511
7.6 The powers of the Appellate Board 1511
7.6.1 Appeal to High Court 1512
CHAP. 8 REGISTRAR OF SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIR-CUITS LAYOUT-DESIGN AND HIS POWERS 1513
8.1 The Register 1513
8.1.1 Powers of the Registrar 1513
8.1.2 Protection of security of India 1514
8.1.3 Powers of civil court 1514
8.1.4 Power to substitute applicant’s successor 1514
8.1.5 Advice by the Registrar 1514
CHAP. 9 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 1515
9.1 Agents 1515
9.2 Evidence of entries in the Register 1515
9.3 Indexes 1515
9.4 Documents open to public inspection 1515
9.5 Convention countries 1516
9.6 Provision as to reciprocity 1516
PART VI
PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES
AND FARMERS’ RIGHTS
CHAP. 1 INTRODUCTION 1517
1.1 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 1517
1.2 The Statement of Objects and Reasons 1517
1.3 Rights of Plant Breeders and Farmers and the Agree-ment on TRIPs 1520
1.4 UPOV International convention for the protection of new varieties of plants, 1991 1520
1.5 Scheme of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Far-mers’ Rights Act, 2001 1520
1.6 The salient features of the Act 1521
CHAP. 2 DEFINITIONS 1523
2.1 Breeder 1523
2.2 Variety 1523
2.3 Extant variety 1524
2.4 Farmers’ variety 1524
2.5 Essentially derived variety 1524
2.6 Essential characteristics 1525
2.7 Farmer 1525
2.8 Seed 1525
CHAP. 3 REGISTRATION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND ESS-ENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETY 1526
3.1 Requirements for a registrable variety 1526
3.2 A new variety that cannot be registered 1527
3.3 Procedure for the registration of plant varieties 1527
3.4 Who can make an application? 1528
3.4.1 Compulsory variety denomination 1528
3.4.2 Prohibition to register as a trademark 1528
3.4.3 Form of application 1528 (i) Submission of application 1529 (ii) Acceptance or amendment or rejection of application 1529 (iii) Advertisement of application 1529 (iv) Opposition to the application 1529 (v) Issue of Certificate of Registration 1530
3.4.4 Registration of essentially derived variety 1530
3.5 Duration 1530
CHAP. 4 EFFECT OF REGISTRATION AND BENEFIT SHAR-ING 1531
4.1 Issue of certificate of registration 1531
4.2 Publication of list of varieties 1531
4.3 Determination of benefit sharing by authority 1531
4.4 Deposit of seeds or propagating material by the breeder 1532
4.5 Rights conferred on breeder, etc. 1532
4.6 Rights of registered agent or licensee 1533
4.7 No right of transfer 1533
4.8 Registrar’s power to vary or cancel the terms of registration 1533
4.9 Exclusion of certain varieties from registration 1533
4.10 Researcher’s rights 1533
CHAP. 5 SURRENDER AND REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE, ETC. 1534
5.1 Surrender of certificate of registration 1534
5.2 Revocation of protection 1534
5.3 Forfeiture of registration in default 1535
5.4 Cancellation and rectification of Register 1535
5.5 Correction of Register 1535
5.6 Alteration of determination of a registered variety 1535
CHAP. 6 FARMERS’ RIGHTS 1536
6.1 Rights conferred on the farmers 1536
6.2 Obligations of breeder towards farmers 1537
6.3 Rights of communities 1537
6.4 Authorisation of farmers’ variety 1537
6.5 Gene Fund 1537
CHAP. 7 COMPULSORY LICENCE 1539
7.1 Power of Authority to make order of compulsory licence 1539
7.1.1 The factors to be considered 1540
7.1.2 Adjournment of application 1540
7.2 Duration of compulsory licence 1540
7.2.1 Terms and conditions 1540
7.3 Revocation of compulsory licence 1541
7.3.1 The modification of compulsory licence 1541
CHAP. 8 PLANT VARIETIES PROTECTION APPELLATE TR-IBUNAL 1542
8.1 Establishment of Tribunal 1542
8.1.1 Composition of Tribunal and qualifica-tions 1542
8.1.2 Judicial Member 1542
8.1.3 Technical Member 1542
8.1.4 Chairman of the Tribunal 1543
8.2 Appeals to the Tribunal 1543
8.3 Procedure of Tribunal 1543
8.3.1 Transitional provision 1543
CHAP. 9 PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FAR-MERS’ RIGHTS AUTHORITY 1544
9.1 Establishment of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority 1544
9.1.1 Composition of the Authority 1544
9.1.2 General Functions of the Authority 1545
9.1.3 Powers of the Authority 1545
9.2 The Plant Varieties Registry 1545
9.2.1 National Register of Plant Varieties 1546
CHAP. 10 INFRINGEMENT OF PLANT VARIETIES 1547
10.1 Infringement of Plant Varieties 1547
10.1.1 Relief available to the plaintiff 1548
10.2 Offences 1548
10.2.1 Meaning of falsely applying the denomi-nation of a registered variety 1549
10.3 Penalties 1549
10.3.1 Exemption of certain persons employed in ordinary course of business 1549
10.3.2 Offences committed by the companies 1549
10.3.3 Miscellaneous matters 1550
CHAP. 11 THE PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FAR-MERS’ RIGHTS REGULATIONS, 2006 1551
Chapter I
1. Short title and commencement 1551
2. Definitions 1552
Chapter II
Duties and Jurisdiction of the Registrar
3. Duties of the Registrar 1552
4. Jurisdiction 1553
5. The term of office and the conditions of service of the Registrars 1553
Chapter III
Registration of Plant Varieties and
essentially derived variety
6. Criteria for registration of extant variety 1553
7. Assignment of Denomination to a Plant Variety 1554
8. The manner in which a single and distinct denomina-tion shall be assigned by the Applicant 1554
9. Time within which the Registrar may require an ap-plicant to propose another denomination 1555
10. Form of application 1555
11. Standards for evaluating seeds or variety during tests 1555
Chapter IV
Deposit of Seeds and Authorisation
12. Quantity of seeds or propagating materials required to be deposited, by the Breeder, in the National Gene Bank 1555
13. Limitations and conditions for authorisation 1555
Form I—Application for Registration of New Variety, Extant Variety and Farmer’s Variety under Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 1556
Form II—Application for Registration of Essentially Derived Variety (EDV) Under Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 1563
Form 1-A—Form for Authorisation 1577
PART VII
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
CHAP. 1 INTRODUCTION 1579
1. Introduction 1579
CHAP. 2 REQUIREMENTS OF A CONFIDENTIAL INFORMA-TION 1580
2.1 Confidential quality 1581
2.2 Confidential obligation 1581
2.3 Unauthorised use to the detriment of plaintiff 1581
2.3.1 Burden of proof 1581
CHAP. 3 REMEDIES 1583
1. Remedies 1583
CHAP. 4 UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION AND THE AGREE-MENT OF TRIPS 1584
4.1 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 1967 1584

The Author is a Partner in Kochhar & Co. He is a Law Graduate from University of Kolkata. His outstanding case arguments have been reported in Law Journals. He is also a registered Patent Agent with the Indian Patent Office. He speaks at various forums on intellectual property rights in India and in foreign countries. His area of specialisation is Intellectual Property Laws especially in enforcing Trade Marks and Patent rights. He has represented a number of multinational corporations (including Fortune 500 Companies) in protecting their Intellectual Property matters. His experience in Patent and Trade Mark includes Opinions on Patent and Trade Marks Search Reports,Opinions on issues relating to Patents and Trade Marks, Anti-Counterfeiting, Opposition and Rectification proceedings before the Registrar of Trade Marks and Revocation of Patents in High Court, Assignments, Licensing of Patents and Trade Marks. He has experience in matters relating to infringement of Trade Marks and Patents. His vast expertise also includes Patent Search, Drafting Patent Applications, Patents Management, Software Protection, Intellectual Property related Litigation including Disparaging, Design laws and in respect of laws pertaining to Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information. The author is a member and a group leader of the WSG Group Brand Management. He is also one of the lawyers located in the website of the Martindale Hubbell and is a regular contributor to Business Newspapers on IP related issues. He has also advised several Indian and Multinational Companies on a host of Corporate Law issues and Domain name Litigation. He has experience in handling matters before the Company Law Board and various other Regulatory Affairs. He speaks at various forums on intellectual property rights in India and in foreign countries and he also has his credit in the selection of his biography in the First Edition of Marquis — Who’s Who in Asia.