CONTENTS
Appendices—Contents
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION: THE STRUGGLE FOR
INFORMATION RIGHT
PAGES
1. Right to Information 3
2. Evolution of Law & Role of Judiciary 4
3. Why Information? 4
4. Transparency of Administration in other countries 19
5. Fight against Secrecy & Corruption in India 22
6. The People’s Struggle: From Jan Sunwai to Jaan ne ki Hak 27
7. No land, no wages and no rights 29
8. Asking for Access: The Unprecedented Phenomenon 30
9. The Impact of Jan Suwvai: An Instance 30
10. In Kot Kirana Village 34
11. Access Rights: World-wide Trend 35
12. For National Legislation 35
13. It should be a RIGHT and not a mere FREEDOM 37
14. Judicial Activism and Right to Information 37
15. Evolution of Access Law 44
16. Evolution of Access Law at Center 49
17. Secrecy Law v. Access Law 51
18. Press Commission’s Criticism 52
19. Sardar Sarovar Project: A ‘Secret’ 53
20. Killer MIC and Secrecy 54
21. Criticism and Suggestions 63
22. Purpose of the Act 64
23. A new Access Law, 2005 65
CHAPTER II
AN ANALYSIS OF THE
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
S.1. Short title, extent and commencement 69
1. The FOI Act, 2002 70
2. Significant Step 70
3. Statement of Objects and Reasons (Act of 2005) 71
4. Statement of Objects and Reasons (Act of 2002) 71
5. Preamble: Intention of legislature 72
6. The Conflict 72
7. Change of Name 72
8. Significance of Right to Information Act, 2005 73
9. No access to information under control of private autho-rities 74
10. Duty to disclose or duty to publish, not mere duty to furnish 75
11. The equation of real information power is “Genuine Em-powerment = Duty to Publish + Duty to Furnish” 76
12. Affected Citizen Test 77
13. Interpretation of the Provisions of Statute 79
14. Denial in “public interest” 80
S.2. Definitions 80
1. FOI Act, 2002 83
2. Definitions 84
3. What is the meaning of “Information” 84
4. Right to information 84
5. File Notings not included in ‘information’ 85
6. Substantive Notings 86
7. Controversy over ‘File Notings” Proposal and Withdrawal of Amendment 86
8. What is proposed to amend? 86
9. What is file noting? 87
10. What are the Difficulties of Public Authorities? 88
11. Why bureaucracy loves their File notings? 88
12. Armed Forces 89
13. Information under Section 4 89
14. Section 8: File Notings and Cabinet Decisions 89
15. Power to Amend 90
16. Is Transparency limited only to Judiciary and Legislature? 90
17. CIC Decision on File Notings 91
19. Evolution of Amendment 92
19. CIC’s letter 92
20. Attempt to amend rules 93
21. Decision to Deny 93
22. ‘Life’ Destroyed to Secure “File” 94
23. The Protest 94
24. Exceptions in US 97
25. Decision of Central Information Commission on File Notings in Satyapal Case 98
26. Commission’s Decision: 98
27. Jindal Case, CIC Decision 100
28. Judges Selection Process not to be disclosed 100
29. Appropriate Government 101
30. Meaning of Information 101
31. The UK Freedom of Information Act, 2000 102
32. Definition of Record 103
33. Local Bodies Included 103
34. Freedom of Information 103
35. Comment on Section 2 (c), (d) and (g) of Act of 2002 104
36. Definition of Public Authority 104
CHAPTER II
RIGHT TO INFORMATION AND OBLIGATIONS
OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
S.3. Right to information 106
1. FOI Act, 2002 106
2. ‘Right’ to or ‘Freedom’ of Information 106
S.4. Obligations of public authorities 107
1. FOI Act of 2002 109
2. Disclosure for all 110
3. What is Public Authority 110
4. Public bodies should be under an obligation to publish key information 111
5. Obligations of Public Bodies 112
6. Specific, time-bound and continuous Duty 112
7. Promotion of open government 112
8. Public Education 113
9. Tackling the culture of official secrecy 113
10. The UK Act: The Duty of Public Authority to Confirm or Deny 114
11. Definition Public Authority 114
12. Breach of Duty to Disclose by Public Authority: 115
13. Pubic Notification 117
14. Suo motu Disclosure 120
15. Principle of maximum disclosure 120
16. Both ‘information’ and ‘public bodies’ should be defined broadly 121
17. ‘Open Meetings’ 121
19. ‘Disclosure takes precedence’ 122
S.5. Designation of Public Information Officers 123
1. FOI Act 2002 124
2. Public Information Officer 124
S.6. Request for obtaining information 126
S.7. Disposal of request 127
1. FOI Act of 2002 129
2. Processes to facilitate access 130
3. Additional Exceptions 132
4. Request for information under UK Act 132
5. Public authorities to which the UK Act has limited application 132
6. Period of 30 days 133
7. Costs 134
8. Fees under UK Act 134
9. Time for compliance with request 135
10. Refusal of request 135
11. Human Rights Information 136
S.8. Exemption from disclosure of information 137
1. FOI Act of 2002 138
2. Sovereignty, Integrity and Security 140
3. Incitement to an Offence 141
4. Friendly Relations with Foreign Countries 141
5. Contempt of Court 141
6. Wide, General and Ambiguous Expressions 141
7. Reduction of Areas of Restrictions 142
8. Cabinet Papers 143
9. Provision enhancing the Scope of Information Freedom 148
10. Official Secret v. Right to Information 148
11. Exception: Decades Old Information 151
12. The UK Act: Public Interest v. Denial of Public Access 152
13. Information accessible to public by other means 152
14. Information intended for future publication 152
15. Information supplied by, or relating to, bodies dealing with security matters 153
16. National security 153
17. Supplementary provisions 153
19. Defence 154
19. International relations 154
20. Relations within the United Kingdom 154
21. The economy 155
22. Investigations and proceedings conducted by public aut-horities 155
23. Law enforcement 155
24. Court records, etc. 156
25. Audit functions 157
26. Parliamentary privilege 157
27. Formulation of Government policy etc. 157
28. Prejudice to effective conduct of public affairs 158
29. Communications with Her Majesty, etc. and honours 158
30. Health and safety 159
31. Environmental information 159
32. Personal information 159
33. Information provided in confidence 160
34. Legal professional privilege 160
35. Commercial interests 160
Grounds for refusal
S.9. Grounds for refusal to access in certain cases 161
1. RI Act of 2002 161
2. Refusing to give Information 162
3. Limited Scope of Exceptions 163
4. Legitimate aims justifying exceptions 164
5. Refusals must meet a substantial harm test 164
6. Overriding public interest 164
7. Exceptions Table 165
S.10. Severability 180
1. FOI Act, 2002 180
2. Relief from rigidity of exemptions 181
S.11. Third party information 181
1. FOI Act, 2002 182
2. Third Party Information 182
CHAPTER III
THE CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION
S.12. Constitution of Central Information Commission 183
S.13. Term of office and conditions of service 184
S.14. Removal of Chief Information Commissioner or Information Commissioner 186
1. RTI to Know Marks in Examinations 188
2. Facts of the Yashpal Singh Case 188
3. Commission’s Decision 189
4. Another decision 189
5. Treesa Irish Case 189
6. Commission’s Decision 190
7. CIC orders disclosure of letters between President and Prime Minister 191
CHAPTER IV
THE STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION
S. 15 Constitution of State Information Commission 192
S.16. Term of office and conditions of service 193
S.17. Removal of State Chief Information Commissioner or State Information Commissioner 195
CHAPTER V
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE INFORMATION
COMMISSIONS, APPEAL AND PENALTIES
S.
19. Powers and functions of the Information Commission 197
1. Powers of Civil Court 199
2. The Complaint Mechanism under UK Act: 199
S.19. Appeal 200
1. FOI Act, 2002 202
2. Recommendation of Parliamentary Committee 203
3. Time Frame 203
S.20. Penalties 203
1. Penalty for Wrong Information 205
CHAPTER VI
MISCELLANEOUS
S.21. Protection of action taken in good faith 206
1. FOI Act, 2002 206
2. Denial of access to judiciary 206
S.22. Act to have overriding effect 207
1. FOI Act, 2002 207
2. Official secrets act will not cease 207
3. Transparency v. Secrecy 207
S.23. Bar of jurisdiction of courts 208
1. Protection from Criminal Action and Criminal Liability 208
S.24. Act not to apply to certain organizations 208
1. FOI Act, 2005 209
2. Unlimited Power 210
3. Rights Violation & Corruption 210
S.25. Monitoring and reporting 210
S.26. Appropriate Government to prepare programmes 212
S.27. Power to make rules by Appropriate Government 213
S.28. Power to make rules by competent authority 215
S.29. Laying of rules 215
S.30. Power to remove difficulties 216
1. FOI Act, 2002 216
2. Principles to be Enunciated 217
3. Three part test needs to be incorporated 217
4. Process to Facilitate Access 217
5. Provision for Clarifications 217
6. No Deterrent Costs 218
7. Openness 218
8. Protection for Whistle Blowers 218
9. Right against Private Bodies? 218
S.31. Repeal 218
The First Schedule—Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Chief Information Commissioner, the Information Commissioner, the State Chief Information Commissioner or the State Information Commissioner 218
The Second Schedule—Intelligence and Security Organisation Established by the Central Government 219
CHAPTER III
REGIME OF SECRECY AND NEED
FOR DISCLOSURE
1. Disclosure and Secrecy under the Constitution of India 224
A. Provisions for disclosure 224
B. Provisions of Secrecy 226
2. Contempt of Court 229
3. Disclosure and Secrecy under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 231
A. Provisions for disclosures 231
4. Information, Corruption and Democracy 233
B. Provisions for Secrecy 234
5. Claim of privilege of secrecy 235
6. The Official Secrets Act: Law for Secrecy 242
7. Fight against Official Secrets Act 242
8. Displacement—‘A Secret’ 251
9. Compromise with Union Carbide—‘Another Secrecy’ 251
10. Arrest of a Journalist 252
11. Need for Transparency in defence deals 252
12. Working Group to Propose Amendments 253
13. Principle of maximum disclosure 254
14. The Factories Act, 1948, provides for compulsory disclosure of information 256
15. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 256
16. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, The Environment (Pro-tection) Rules, 1986 and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 256
17. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 257
18. The Commissions of Enquiry Act, 1952 257
19. Consumer Protection Act 257
20. Secrecy under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 258
21. Disclosure and Privilege to withhold 258
22. Corruption and Freedom of Information 258
23. Nine Shades of Corruption 259
24. Sociological Seriousness 260
25. Corruption as an issue in a democratic society 261
26. Corruption arising out of Secrecy and Lack of Transparency 263
27. Characteristics of corruption 263
28. According to Lasswell the characteristics of corruption: 264
29. Transparency International and Corruption Perception Index 265
30. Supreme Court’s views on Corruption 266
31. Causes of corruption 267
32. Effects of corruption 268
33. How Corruption effects human rights 270
34. Transparency and Prevention of Corruption: 271
35. Corruption and legal frame 273
36. Need for New Studies and Surveys About Corruption 275
37. Whistleblowing 275
38. Famous Whistle blowers 276
39. Nolan Committee Report 277
40. Whistle Blowing 277
41. UK Public Interest Disclosure Act, 1998 279
42. The US Law on Whistleblowers Protection 280
43. European Court and Commission 280
44. The USA 283
45. Whistle blowing Protection in India 283
46. The Santanam Committee Report 1963 284
47. The Administrative Reforms Commission Report 1967 and the Lok Pal and Lok Ayukta Bills 284
48. Vohra Committee Report: 285
(A) Methods employed for taking action against corrupt public servants 285
(B) Gathering information about corrupt public servants—existing procedures 288
49. Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers) Bill, 2002 Proposed by the Law Commission of India 288
(1) Title and extent; (proposed sec. 1) 288
(2) Definitions: (proposed sec. 2) 288
50. Public Interest Disclosure: [Proposed sec. 3] 292
51. Procedure on receipt of Public Interest Disclosure: [proposed section 4] 292
52. Procedure of Inquiry : [proposed sec. 5] 292
53. Opportunity : [proposed sub section (1)] 292
54. Matters excluded from the purview of the Competent Authority—(proposed section 6) 294
55. Powers of Competent Authority: (proposed section 7) 294
56. Report on Disclosure—(proposed section 8) 294
57. Periods of limitation—(proposed section 9) 295
58. Safeguards against victimization—(proposed section 10) 295
59. Transfer of public servant for avoiding victimization: 296
60. Protection of witnesses and other persons: (Proposed section 12): 296
61. Power to issue interim order: (Proposed section 13): 297
62. Burden of proof in certain cases: (Proposed section 14): 297
63. Protection of action in good faith: (Proposed section 15): 297
64. Punishment for False or Frivolous Disclosures : (proposed section 16): 298
65. Rule making power: (proposed sec. 17): 298
66. Regime of Secrecy Continues in India 299
67. Human Right for Information and for Corruption Free Society: 300
CHAPTER IV
VOTERS’ RIGHT TO INFORMATION
1. Unlimited Expenditure 306
2. Field unoccupied 307
3. People’s Right to Know v. Candidate’s Personal Affairs 308
4. Misinformation leading to Disqualification 309
5. Executive’s Response 310
6. Why not they disclose the Assets? 311
7. High Cost of Elections and Abuse of Money Power 311
8. Reducing the Cost of Elections 313
9. Disclosure of Assets and Liabilities of Candidates 313
10. Unjust to Refuse 314
11. Political Parties: Vote for No Change 315
12. The Ordinance & Statute 316
13. Constitutionality of the Act 318
14. Consolidation of Voter’s Right to Know by Statute 320
15. Easy Access; Enrolment and ID Card 320
16. Become voters and vote 320
17. People to be vigilant and media vibrant 320
18. Significant Extracts from the Supreme Court Judgment Dated 2nd May 2002 321
19. Right to know about the candidates contesting elections as Explained by Supreme Court 322
20. Extracts from Supreme Court Judgment dated 13th March, 2003 329
21. Who must File 330
22. When to File 330
23. Policies underlying disclosure 330
24. Specific Disclosure Requirements 331
25. “Conclusion: 331
26. Criminal background and pending criminal cases against candidates—Section 33-A of the R.P. (3 Amendment) Act. 337
27. Assets and liabilities 338
28. Educational qualifications 341
29. Conclusions 341
CHAPTER V
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
1. The United Nations 348
2. The Commonwealth 352
3. Organization of American States 353
4. Council of Europe 355
5. General Principle 359
6. Possible limitations 359
7. Review Procedure 360
CHAPTER VI
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LAW
AROUND THE WORLD
1. Albania 369
2. Australia 370
3. Austria 371
4. Belgium 372
5. Belize 373
6. Bosnia and Herzegovina 373
7. Bulgaria 374
8. Canada 375
9. Colombia 377
10. Czech Republic 377
11. Denmark 379
12. Estonia 379
13. Finland 381
14. France 382
15. Georgia 383
16. Article 41 383
17. Greece 384
18. Hungary 384
19. Iceland 386
20. Ireland 387
21. Israel 388
22. Italy 389
23. Japan 390
24. South Korea 391
25. Latvia 392
26. Lithuania 392
27. Mexico 393
28. Moldova 394
29. Netherlands 395
30. New Zealand 396
31. Norway 398
32. Philippines 399
33. Poland 400
34. Portugal 401
35. Romania 402
36. Slovakia 404
37. Article 26 404
38. Article 45 404
39. South Africa 405
40. Spain 406
41. Sweden 407
42. Thailand 408
43. Trinidad and Tobago 409
44. Ukraine 409
45. United Kingdom 410
46. Scotland 412
47. Wales 412
48. United States 412
49. Uzbekistan 413
50. Zimbabwe 414
CHAPTER VII
USING THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION
1. Information leads to participation 417
2. Participation leads to accountability 418
3. Public Audit leads to elimination of Corruption 419
4. Key points of Right to Information Act are that it 419
5. Press and Community groups 419
6. Investigative Journalism 420
7. Libel (defamation) laws 420
8. Using tool of the Internet for dis-seminating Information 421
9. Privacy laws 422
10. What are not valid reasons for with-holding information? 422
11. Records Management: Duty of Public Authority 422
12. Some indicators as to the effectiveness of access to information 423
13. Public sector records 424
14. Constitution of Information Commissions 424
15. Publicity about the access law 425
16. Success Stories: 426
(a) Harijan Basti improved in Delhi 426
(b) Full Fledged Commercial Complex on a Residential Plot Without Conversion to Commercial 426
(c) An awakening in capital city 427
(d) Triveni’s Success Story 428
17. Parivartan workers beaten up when they go to inspect records 429
18. People terrorized and pressurized into withdrawing their RTI applications 430
19. Records arrive in Welcome Colony—verification begins 431
20. Parivartan workers again beaten up 431
(e) 109 people get ration cards in Delhi 432
(f) Right to Information Exposes World Bank Water Deal 432
21. Ask the questions 435
22. What can be asked? 435
CHAPTER VIII
TRANSPARENCY IN ADMINISTRATION
THROUGH EASY ACCESS LAWS
1. What is it? 439
2. Common Minimum Programme of UPA Government 440
3. Socio-economic Aspects 441
4. Aims, Objectives and Policies 441
5. Utility of Information Technology (IT) 442
6. Tools of Transparency: E-Governance 444
Web links between rulers and ruled 445
Transparency through e-governance 445
7. Legal Framework: Right to Information 446
The Law against Disclosure: The Official Secrets Act 446
Information and Governmental Responsibility 448
Responsive Government 449
Openness of Government 449
Freedom of Speech and Right to Know 450
Central Law: The Right to Information Act 2005 451
Pro-active distribution of Information 453
8. Experiments in Andhra Pradesh 454
State Law and Subordinate Legislation: 454
9. Whistle blowing—Proposed Central Law 454
10. Cleansing Organization 455
11. Proposed Legislation: Transparency in Public Works Contracts 456
12. Transparency and Right to Education—Central Law 457
13. Early Childhood Care and Education 457
14. Administrative Arrangements—Innovative e-governance 458
SmartGov 458
AP Portal 459
Information Available 460
Electronic Citizen Seva 460
Citizen Friendly Services of Transport Dept 460
CARD (Computer-aided Administration of Registration Department) 460
Multi-purpose Household Survey (MP-HS) 461
Integrated Finance Information System (IFIS) project 461
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) System 462
eProcurement System 462
APNET (Satcom Project) 463
Soukaryam 463
Voice 463
Social Benefits Management System 463
15. Conclusion 464
Annex. I Skims Or Smart Gov 466
Annex. II AP Portal 468
Annex. II eSeva 470
Annex. IV Citizen Friendly Services of Transport Dept. 473
Annex. V CARD Computer-aided Administration of Registra-tion Department 475
Annex. VI Multi Purpose Household Survey 477
Annex. VII Integrated Financial In-formation System 479
Annex. VIII Online Transaction Processing System 480
Annex. IX eProcurement System 482
Annex. X APNET (Satcom Project) 484
Annex. XI SAUKARYAM 485
Annex. XII Versatile On-Line Information Empowerment 486
Annex. XIII Social Benefits Management System 488
APPENDICES
PART I
RELATED ACTS/RULES/REPORTS
App. 1 The Right to Information Act, 2005 497
App. 2 Right to Information (Regulation of Fee and Cost) Rules, 2005 514
App. 3 Central Information Commission (Appeal Procedure) Rules, 2005 515
App. 4 Central Notifications 517
App. 5 State Notifications 518
App. 6 Commonwealth Freedom of Information Principles 523
App. 7 Government of India Ministries/Departments/Offices 524
App. 8 States and Union Territories 526
App. 9 The Freedom of Information Act, 2002 [Repealed] 527
App. 10 The Official Secrets Act, 1923 534
App. 11 The Public Records Act, 1993 542
App. 12 The Public Records Rules, 1997 547
App. 13 Report of Pranab Mukherjee Committee 554
App. 14 Report of National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2002 589
App. 15 179th Report of Law Commission of India on Public Interest Disclosure & Protection of Informer, 2001 592
App. 16 The Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers) Bill, 2002 595
App. 17 Election Commission’s Guidelines for Publication and Dissemination of Results of Opinion Polls/Exit Polls, 1998 601
App. 18 Guidelines on the Right to Know Promoting Open Govern-ment Commonwealth Principles 605
PART II
STATE LAWS ON THE RIGHT TO
INFORMATION
App. 19 Andaman & Nicobar Islands—Right to Information (Regulation of Fee and Cost) Rules, 2005 607
App. 20 Andhra Pradesh—Right to Information Act, 2002 610
App. 21 Andhra Pradesh—Right to Information (Regulation of Fee and Cost) Rules, 2005 616
App. 22 Andhra Pradesh—High Court Right to Information Rules, 2005 618
App. 23 Arunachal Pradesh—Right to Information Rules, 2005 620
App. 24 Arunachal Pradesh—Information Commission (Appeal Pro-cedure) Rules, 2005 626
App. 25 Assam—Right to Information Act, 2001 628
App. 26 Assam—Right to Information Fee Notification, 2005 632
App. 27 Delhi—Right to Information Act, 2001 633
App. 28 Delhi—Right to Information Rules, 2001 637
App. 29 Goa—Right to Information Act, 1997 644
App. 30 Gujarat—Right to Information Rules, 2005 647
App. 31 Haryana—Right to Information Rules, 2005 654
App. 32 Himachal Pradesh—Right to Information Rules, 2006 657
App. 33 Jammu and Kashmir—Right to Information Act, 2004 662
App. 34 Jammu and Kashmir—Right to Information Rules, 2005 666
App. 35 Karnataka—Right to Information Act, 2000 669
App. 36 Karnataka—Right to Information Rules, 2005 673
App. 37 Karnataka—Transparency in Public Procurements Act, 1999 676
App. 38 Karnataka—Transparency in Public Procurements Rules, 2000 681
App. 39 Kerala—Right To Information Bill, 2002 687
App. 40 Madhya Pradesh—Jankari Ki Swatantrata Adhiniyam, 2002 689
App. 41 Madhya Pradesh—Right to Information Bill, 2003 692
App. 42 Madhya Pradesh—Right to Information (Fees and Appeal) Rules, 2005 695
App. 43 Maharashtra—Right to Information Act, 2002 697
App. 44 Maharashtra—Right to Information Rules, 2005 703
App. 45 Maharashtra—Right to Information (Repeal) Ordinance, 2005 706
App. 46 Meghalaya—Right to Information Notification, 2005 707
App. 47 Orissa—Right to Information Act, 2002 711
App. 48 Orissa—Right to Information Rules, 2005 715
App. 49 Punjab—Right to Information Rules, 2005 721
App. 50 Rajasthan—Right to Information Act, 2000 724
App. 51 Rajasthan—Right to Information Rules, 2005 728
App. 52 Tamil Nadu—Right to Information Act, 1997 730
App. 53 Tamil Nadu—Right to Information Rules, 1997 733
App. 54 Tamil Nadu—Right to Information (Fees) Rules, 2005 734
App. 55 Tamil Nadu—Transparency in Tenders Act, 1998 735
App. 56 Uttar Pradesh—Code of Practice on Access to Information, 2000 740
App. 57 West Bengal—Right to Information Notification, 2005 745
PART III
ALLIED ACTS AND RULES
App. 58 The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968 746
App. 59 The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 747
App. 60 The Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 749
App. 61 The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 750
App. 62 The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 751
App. 63 The Commissions of Inquiry Act, 1952 753
App. 64 The Commissions of Inquiry (Central) Rules, 1972 759
App. 65 The Companies Act, 1956 761
App. 66 The Competition Act, 2002 772
App. 67 The Constitution of India 773
App. 68 The Delimitation Act, 2002 775
App. 69 The Designs Act, 2000 776
App. 70 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 777
App. 71 The Factories Act, 1948 779
App. 72 The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 780
App. 73 The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration And Protection) Act, 1999 781
App. 74 The Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) 782
App. 75 The Information Technology Act, 2000 786
App. 76 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Regulations, 2003 791
App. 77 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 793
App. 78 The Protection of Plant Varieties And Farmers’ Rights Rules, 2003 794
App. 79 The Representation of the People Act, 1951 795
App. 80 The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000 799
App. 81 The Trade Marks Act, 1999 800
App. 82 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 801
PART IV
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS &
DECLARATIONS
App. 83 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 805
App. 84 UNDP Public Information and Documentation Disclosure Policy 806
App. 85 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 812
App. 86 International Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Racial Discrimination, 1966 814
App. 87 American Declaration of The Rights of Man, 1948 816
App. 88 American Convention on Human Rights (‘Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica’) 1969 818
App. 89 African Charter On Human And Peoples’ Rights,1981 820
App. 90 Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 822
App. 91 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 1995 824
App. 92 U.K.—Freedom of Information Act, 2000 826
App. 93 U.K.—Code of Practice 882
App. 94 U.K.—Freedom of Information—Consultation of Draft Legislation 890
App. 95 U.S.A.—The Freedom of Information Act 5 U.S.C. § 552, As Amended by Public Law No. 104-231, 110 Stat. 3048 904
App. 96 Pakistan RTI Ordinance—Draft Ordinance to provide for Transparency and Freedom of Information, August, 2000 912
App. 97 A Model Freedom of Information Law 915
App. 98 Protected Disclosure Act—South Africa (Act No. 26, 2000) 925
Subject Index 931