Introduction To Environmental Law

"A comprehensive text book for the students of law on Environmental Law, contains various chapters dealing with Environmental Problems and Policies, Environmental History, Environmental Protection & Constitutional Obligation, Natural Resource Conservation Laws, Animal Welfare Laws, Legal Remedies for Environmental Problems, Civil Societies & Environment, International Environmental Law, Region Specific Environmental Problems etc. etc. We know very well that the earth does not belong to man but man belongs to the earth. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. Wordsworth said: "Nature never did betray that heart that loved her". Pythagoras added by saying, "For so long as man continues to be the ruthless destroyer of lower living beings, he will never know health or peace. For so long as men massacre animals, they will kill each other. Indeed, they who sow the seeds of murder and pain cannot reap joy and live."""To reap joy and lead a healthy life, one needs to have a clean and healthy environment all around. The activities of persons which have impact on "environment" needs to be regulated and hence, 'Environmental Law' has emerged as one of the most important tool for protection, conservation and management of environment and its resources, while promoting development without destruction. There prevails a general opinion that there are no standard and comprehensive textbooks available on this subject, which has been included in the curriculum for legal education recently. The Books that are available now are either commentaries or critiques on the subject. The book contains an interesting analysis of the subject, which will certainly create an interest in learning the subject in depth and will cater not only to the requirements of the students of law but will also be useful for the Bench and the Bar as an introductory book containing summary of cases decided by the Supreme Court and High Courts on environmental issues. Apart from the legal fraternity, the book will also be of immense help to NGOs, environmentalists and other environmental law enforcing agencies."

S. SHANTAKUMAR
INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENT LAW
SECOND EDITION 2005
ARRANGEMENT OF SUBJECT
PART I
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
POLICIES
CHAPTER I
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND ECOLOGY– AN
INTRODUCTION
Arrangement of Subject

PAGE
1.1 The Environment 2
1.2 The Bio Sphere 3
1.3 Ecology 3
1.4 Eco System 4
1.5 Major Ecosystems of the earth 4
1.6 Food Chain and Food Web 5
1.7 Ecological Pyramid 5
CHAPTER 2
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS & FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE
2.1 Air Pollution 11
2.2 Water Pollution 13
2.3 Soil Erosion & Land degradation 14
2.4 Deforestation 15
2.5 Human impact on Biosphere 16
2.6 Depletion of natural resources 17
2.7 Noise Pollution 17
2.8 Problems relating to Urbanization 18
2.9 Conclusion 18
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS—SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS
3.1 The effects of Economic growth on environment 23
3.2 Social and Economic effects of Water pollution 24
3.3 Socio-economic effects of Air pollution 25
3.4 Steps involved in Environmental Planning 25
3.5 Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Agenda 21) 27
3.6 Ecological Globalization 29
3.7 WTO and Environment 30
3.8 Conclusion 32
CHAPTER 4
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
4.1 National Water Policy 1987 36
4.1.1 Need for a National Water Policy 36
4.1.2 Information System 37
4.1.3 Maximizing availability 37
4.1.4 Project Planning 38
4.1.5 Maintenance and Modernisation 39
4.1.6 Safety of Structures 39
4.1.7 Ground water Development 39
4.1.8 Water Allocation Priorities 39
4.1.9 Drinking Water 39
4.1.10 Irrigation 39
4.1.11 Water Rates 40
4.1.12 Participation of farmers and voluntary agencies 40
4.1.13 Water Quality 40
4.1.14 Water Zoning 40
4.1.15 Conservation of Water 40
4.1.16 Flood Control and Management 40
4.1.17 Land erosion by sea or river 41
4.1.18 Drought Management 41
4.1.19 Science and Technology 41
4.1.20 Training 41
4.1.21 Conclusion 41
4.2 National Forest Policy, 1988 42
4.2.1 Preamble 42
4.2.2 Basic Objectives 42
4.2.3 Essentials of Forest Management 43
4.2.4 Strategy 43
Area under Forest 43
Afforestation, Social Forestry & Farm Forestry 43
Management of State Forests 44
Rights and Concessions 44
Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-forest Purpose 45
Wildlife Conservation 45
Tribal people and Forests 45
Shifting Cultivation 46
Damage to Forests from Encroachments, Fires and Grazing 46
Forest-based Industries 46
Forest Extension 47
Forestry Education 47
Forestry Research 47
Personnel management 48
Forest Survey and Data Base 48
Legal Support and Infrastructure Development 48
Financial Support for Forestry 48
4.3 Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution 1992 48
Preamble 48
Future Directions and Objectives 49
Critically Polluted Areas 49
Standards 50
Fiscal Measures 50
Integration 51
Environmental Audit 52
Environmental Statistics 52
Public Partnership 52
4.4 The National Conservation Strategy and the Policy Statement on Environment and Development 53
Constraints and Agenda for Action 53
Priorities and Strategies for Action 55
1. Population Control 55
2. Conservation of Natural Resources 55
Atmosphere 57
Bio diversity 57
Bio mass 58
Development Policies from Environmental
Perspectives 58
Agriculture: 59
Irrigation 59
Animal Husbandry 60
Forestry 60
Energy Generation and Use 61
Industrial Development 62
Mining and quarrying 63 Tourism 63
Transportation 63
Human Settlements 64
Support Policies and Systems 65
Strengthening of institutions and legislation 65
Natural Resource Accounting 65
Training and orientation programs 66
Promoting Environmental Awareness 66
Promoting appropriate environmental technologies 66
Rehabilitation of Project Oustees 66
Role of Non-Governmental Organisations 66
Women and Environment 67
Partnership role of Centre and State Governments 67
Conclusion 67
4.5 Ocean Policy Statement 67 The deeper part of the ocean 69
4.6 Wildlife Conservation Strategy 2002 70
4.7 National Environment Policy 2004 71

PART II
ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
CHAPTER 5
HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN INDIA
5.1 Environmental Protection in Ancient India 73
5.2 Environmental Protection in Medieval India 75
5.3 Environmental Protection during the British Rule in India 76
5.4 Environmental Protection during the Post Independence Era 78
PART III
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION &
CONSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATION
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION—CONSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATION
6.1 Obligations on the State 85
6.2 Obligations on the part of Citizens 88
CHAPTER 7
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO LIVE IN A
HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT—JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN INDIA
7.1 Right to live in a Healthy Environment as a Basic Human Right 91
7.2 Right to live in a Healthy Environment as a Constitutional Right 93
7.3 Evolution of the Fundamental Right to Live in a Healthy Environment in India 94
7.4 The Declaration of Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment by High Courts 95
7.5 The Supreme Court and the Right to Clean and Healthy Environment 98
CHAPTER 8
“PRINCIPLES AND DOCTRINES EVOLVED
BY SUPREME COURT FOR PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT”
8.1 Evolution of Principles and Doctrines for Protection of Environment 101
Principle of absolute liability 102
Polluter Pays Principle 103
Precautionary Principle 106
Public Trust Doctrine 108
Doctrine of Sustainable Development 110
Doctrine of Inter-generational Equity 113

PART IV
POLLUTION PREVENTION LAWS
CHAPTER 9
THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
Definitions 116
Constitution of Central Pollution Control Board 116
Constitution of State Pollution Control Board 117
Constitution of Joint Pollution Control Board (JPCB) 117
Functions of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 119
Functions of the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) 119
Powers of the Central Government 121
Powers of the State Government 122
Powers of the Central Pollution Control Board 124
Powers of the State Pollution Control Board 125
1. Power to obtain information (Section 20) 125
2. Power to take samples of effluents for Analysis (Section 21) 125
3. Power of entry and inspection (Section 23) 126
4. Power to impose restriction on new outlets and new discharges (Section 25) 127
5. Power to refuse or withdraw consent for establishment of any industry, etc., (Section 27) 128
6. Power to carry out certain works (Section 30) 129
7. Power to carry out emergency operations in case of pollution of stream or well (Section 32) 129
8. Power to make application to courts for restraining apprehended pollution of water in streams or wells (Section 33) 129
9. Power to give Directions (Section 33A) 130
Penalties 133
Offences by Companies and by Government
Departments 135
Cognizance of offences 135
Bar of Jurisdiction of Civil Courts 136

CHAPTER 10
AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
Sources of Air Pollution 137
Effects of Air Pollution 137
Object of Air Act 138
Meaning of Air Pollution 138
Authorities under the Air Act 138
Powers and Functions of Central and State Pollution Control Boards 139
Functions of the Central Pollution Control Board 139
Functions of the State Pollution Control Board 140
Powers of the Central Government 141
Powers of the State Government 142
Powers of the Central Pollution Control Board 143
Powers of the State Pollution Control Board 143
1. Power to Grant/Refuse/Cancel/Consent 144
2. Power to make Application to Court for restraining persons from causing Air Pollution 144
3. Power to take remedial measures to mitigate the emission of Air Pollutants 144
4. Power of entry and inspection 145
5. Power to obtain information 146
6. Power to take samples of Air or Emission 146
7. Power to give directions 146
Penalties 148
Offences by Companies and by Government Departments 148
Cognizance of offences 149
Bar of Jurisdiction of Civil Courts 149
CHAPTER 11
THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT,
1986—RULES AND NOTIFICATION
11.1 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 151
Object of the Act 151
Definitions 151
Power of the Central Government to take measures to protect and improve environment 151
Other Powers 152
1. Power to Appoint Officer 152
2. Power to Order Closure 152
3. Power to make Rules 152
4. Power to enter and search 153
5. Power to take samples 153
Duties imposed on individuals 154

2. Duty to comply procedural safe guards 154

3. Duty to inform and render assistance 154
Punishments prescribed under the Act 154
Offences by Company and Government Departments 154
Bar on Jurisdiction of Civil Courts 154
Cognizance of Offences 155
11.2 The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 155
Power to Discribe Standards 155
Prohibiting/Restricting the Location of Industries 155
Environmental Laboratory 156
11.3 Important Rules and notifications made under the Environment (Protection) Act 156
11.4 Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in 2000 157
11.5 Rules for the Manufacture, use, import, export and storage of hazardous micro organisms, genetically engineered organisms or cells, 1993 159
Competent authorities 160
Classification of Microorganisms 160
Approval and prohibitions 160
Penalties 160
Manufacture, storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 160
11.6 Bio-medical wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 161
11.7 Plastics Manufacture, sale and Usage Rules, 1999 164
11.8 The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 166
11.9 Ozone Depleting substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 168
Factors causing depletion of Ozone layer 168
11.10 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 169
Site Selection 173
Facilities at the Site 174
Specifications for land filling 174
Pollution Prevention 175
Water Quality Monitoring 175
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 175
Plantation at Landfill site 176
Closure of Landfill site and post care 176
11.11 Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 176
11.12 Important Notifications 177
11.12.1 Eco-labeling notifications 177
Objectives of the scheme 177
Establishment of Comittees 177
11.12.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notifications 179
11.12.3 Procedure for Public Hearing 181
1. Venue of Public Hearings 183
2. Publications and Intimation 183
3. Access to Documents 183
4. Quorum at the Public Hearings 184
5. Nomination of persons to the Panel 184
6. Minutes of the Public Hearing 184
7. Environmental Clearance Certificate 184
11.12.4 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notifications 185
1. CRZ - I 185
2. CRZ - II 185
3. CRZ - III 185
4. CRZ - IV 185
Prohibited Activities 186
Regulation of permissible activities 187
1. Venue of Public Hearings 187
2. Publications and Intimation 188
3. Access to Documents 188
4. Quorum at the Public Hearings 188
5. Nomination of persons to the Panel 188
6. Minutes of the Public Hearing 189
7. Environmental Clearance Certificate 189
Norms for regulation of activities 190
CRZ I 190
CRZ II 190
CRZ III 191
CRZ-IV-Andaman & Nicobar Islands 193
Lakshadweep and small islands 193
List of Petroleum products permitted for storage in port areas 194
National Coastal Zone Management Authority Notification 199
Notification relating to Prohibition and Restriction of the Handling of Hazardous Substances in different cases 200
Notification relating to Prohibition against open burning of waste oil 200
Notification authorising Officers/Agencies to enter the premises for inspection 200
Notification authorising Officers/Agencies to take samples 203
Notification authorising Officers for taking cognizance of offence 203
Notification relating to environmental laboratories and analysts 204
Aqua culture Authority Notification 204
CHAPTER 12
LAND POLLUTION—LAW RELATING TO
MANAGEMENT OF WASTES

12.1 Sources of land pollution 207
12.2 Effects of Land Pollution 209
12.3 Solution for problems caused by Land Pollution 209
12.4 Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in 2000 210
12.5 Bio-medical wastes (Management and Hand-ling) Rules, 1998 213
12.6 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 216
12.7 Site Selection 226
12.8 Facilities at the Site 227
12.9 Specifications for land filling 227
12.10 Pollution Prevention 228
12.11 Water Quality Monitoring 228
12.12 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 228
12.13 Plantation at Landfill site 229
12.14 Closure of Landfill site and post care 229

CHAPTER 13
NOISE POLLUTION—
LEGAL CONTROL
13.1 Sources of Noise Pollution 231
13.2 Effects of Noise Pollution 232
13.3 Steps to be taken to combat noise pollution 233
13.4 The Madras City Police Act, 1888 233
13.5 The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 233
PART V
NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION LAWS
CHAPTER 14
THE INDIAN FOREST ACT 1927
14.1 Indian Forest Act, 1927 240
14.2 Power to reserve forests 241
14.3 Acts prohibited in Reserved Forest 242
14.4 Formation of Village Forests 242
14.5 Protected Forests 243
14.6 Acts prohibited in the Protected Forests 243
14.7 Private Forests (Forests and Lands not being the property of the Government) 244
14.8 Powers to regulate transit of timber and forest-produce 244
14.9 Cattle Trespass 245
14.10 Supreme Court on Forest Resource Management 246
CHAPTER 15
THE FOREST CONSERVATION ACT, 1980
15.1 Punishments 252
CHAPTER 16
THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002

16.1 Definitions 253
16.2 Regulation of Access to Biological Diversity 254
16.3 Application for intellectual property rights not to be made without approval of National Biodiversity Authority 255
16.4 Prior intimation to State Biodiversity Board for obtaining biological resource for certain purposes 255
16.5 Establishment of National Biodiversity Authority 255
16.6 Committees of National Biodiversity Authority 256
16.7 Functions and Powers of the National Bio-diversity Authority 256
16.8 Approval by National Biodiversity Authority for undertaking certain activities 257
16.9 Transfer of biological resource or knowledge 258
16.10 Determination of equitable benefit sharing by National Biodiversity Authority 258
16.11 Establishment of State Biodiversity Board 259
16.12 Functions of State Biodiversity Board 259
16.13 Power of State Biodiversity Board to restrict certain activities 260
16.14 Provisions of sections 9 to 17 to apply with modifications to State Biodiversity Board 260
16.15 Constitution of National Biodiversity Fund 260
16.16 Constitution of State Biodiversity Fund 261
16.17 The State Biodiversity Fund shall be applied for 261
16.18 Duties of the Central and the State Governments 261
16.19 Biodiversity heritage sites 262
16.20 Power of Central Government to notify threatened species 263
16.21 Power of Central Government to designate repositories 263
16.22 Power of Central Government to exempt certain biological resources 263
16.23 Constitution of Biodiversity Management Committee 263
16.24 Constitution of Local Biodiversity Fund 264
16.25 Application of Local Biodiversity Fund 264
16.26 National Biodiversity Authority to be bound by the directions given by Central Government 264
16.27 Power of State Government to give Directions 265
16.28 Settlement of disputes between State Bio-diversity Boards 265
16.29 Appeal 266
16.30 Execution of determination or order 266
16.31 Protection of action taken in good faith 266
16.32 Penalties 267
16.33 Penalty for contravention of directions or orders of Central government, State government, National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Boards 267
16.34 Offences by companies 267
16.35 Offences to be cognizable and non-bailable 268
16.36 Cognizance of offences 268
CHAPTER 17
GROUND WATER CONSERVATION

17.1 Factors responsible for depletion of ground water resource 270
17.2 Functions of Central Ground Water Authority 273
17.3 Madras Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act, 1987 274
17.4 The Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Act, 2003 276
17.5 Powers of the Tamil Nadu Groundwater Authority 277
17.6 Offences and Penalties 278
17.7 Bar of Jurisdiction of Civil Courts 279
PART VI
ANIMAL WELFARE LAWS
CHAPTER 18
WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT 1972

18.1 Authorities constituted under the Act 284
18.2 Duties of Wildlife Advisory Board 285
18.3 Hunting of Wild Animals 285
18.4 Protection of specified plants 287
18.5 Sanctuaries, National Parks and Closed Areas 288 Sanctuaries 288
18.6 National Park 291
18.7 Closed Areas 293
18.8 Sanctuaries or National Parks declared by the Central Government 293
18.9 Central Zoo Authority 293
18.10 Trade or Commerce in Wild Animals, Animal articles and trophies 295

18.11 Prevention and detection of offences 296
18.12 Cognisance of offence 297
18.13 Administrative Measures for protection of Wildlife 299
CHAPTER 19
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS

19.1 Duty to ensure the well being of animal 302
19.2 Cruelty to Animals 302
19.3 Animal Welfare Board of India 304
19.4 Experimentation on Animals 305
19.5 Restriction on exhibition and training of Per-forming Animals 305
19.6 Treatment and care of animals 307
19.7 Rules made under the Prevention of cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 307
19.8 Tamil Nadu enactments 309
1. Madras City Police Act, 1888 309
2. The Towns Nuisance Act, 1889 309
3. Tamil Nadu Wild Elephants Preservation Act, 1873 309
4. Tamil Nadu Animal and Bird Sacrifices Prohibition Act, 1950 309
5. Madras Livestock Improvement Act, 1940 310

PART VII
LEGAL REMEDIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 20
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS—TORT LAW REMEDIES
Negligence 312
20.1 Strict Liability 313
20.2 Exceptions to the Rule of Strict Liability 314
20.3 The Rule in M C Mehta v. Union of India (Absolute Liability) 315
20.4 Liability for dangerous operations 316
20.5 Nuisance 316
20.6 Public or Common Nuisance 316
20.7 Private Nuisance 317
20.8 Persons liable for nuisance 319
20.9 Remedies 319
20.10 Remedies for Public Nuisance under Civil Procedure Code 319
20.11 Trespass 320
20.12 Wrongs to easements and similar rights 320
20.13 Right to Light and Air 321
20.14 Right to Water 322
20.15 Mass Tort Action for environmental hazards 323
Bhopal Gas Tragedy 323
CHAPTER 21
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS—CRIMINAL LAW REMEDIES
21.1 Provisions under the Indian Penal Code 327
21.2 Offences under the Indian Penal Code affecting Public Health, Safety and Convenience 329
21.3 Provisions under Criminal Procedure Code 330
21.4 Procedure for removal of public nuisance 331
21.5 Whether the Water and Air Act impliedly repeal Section 133? 335
21.6 Urgent cases of nuisance 336
CHAPTER 22

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS—
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REMEDIES
22.1 Remedies under Article 32 339
22.2 Remedies under Article 226 341
22.3 Concurrent Jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Courts 342
22.4 Green Bench 343
CHAPTER 23
PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT, 1991

23.1 No Fault Liability 345
23.2 Quantum of Relief 346
23.3 Procedure for claiming relief under the PLI Act 346
Who can apply ? 346
To whom they should apply? 347
When should they apply? 347
23.4 Right to Claim Compensation 348
23.5 Duty of owner to take Insurance Policies 348
23.6 Amount for which insurance policy is to be taken 349
23.7 Environmental Relief Fund 349
23.8 Powers of the Central Government 350
1. Power to call for information 350
2. Power of entry and inspection 350
3. Power of Search and Seizure 350
4. Power to give directions 350
5. Power to make application to courts for restraining owner from handling hazardous substance 351
6. Power to make rules 351
23.9 Advisory Committee 351
23.10 Cognizance of Offences 351
23.11 Offence by Companies 352
23.12 Offences by Government Departments 352
CHAPTER 24
THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL ACT, 1995

24.1 Objects of the Act 353
24.2 No fault liability to pay compensation 353
24.3 Procedure for claiming compensation under the act 354
Who can apply for compensation? 354
When to apply? 354
24.4 Appeal against the award of National Environment Tribunal 356
24.5 Establishment of National Environment Tribunal 357
24.6 Term of Office 358
24.7 Bar of Jurisdiction 358
CHAPTER 25
THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
APPELLATE AUTHORITY ACT, 1997

25.1 Object of the Act 359
25.2 Establishment of National Environment Appellate Authority 360
25.3 Qualifications for appointment as Chair-person, Vice-Chairperson and Member 360
25.4 Term of office 361
25.5 Jurisdiction and Powers of Authority 361 Appeals to Authority 361
25.6 Procedure and powers of Authority 362
25.7 Bar of jurisdiction 363
PART VIII
CIVIL SOCIETIES & ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 26
CIVIL SOCIETIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT

26.1 Classification of Social Movements/Voluntary Organisations 367
1. Relief and Welfare Agencies 367
2. Technical Innovation Organizations 368
3. Public Service Contractors 368
4. Popular Development Agencies 368
5. Grassroots Development Organizations 368
6. Advocacy Groups and Networks 368
26.2 Stages involved in Building Grassroots/Social Movements 368
26.3 Social Movements for Environmental Management 369
Kalpavriksh (KV) 369
Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad 370
World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF India) 370
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) 371
Chipko Movement 371
A.P.E. (Association for the Preservation of the Environment) 371
Centre for Science and Environment 372
CPREEC (C.P. R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai) 373
Government of India established jointly by the Ministry and the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation). 374
PAHAR (People's Association for Himalaya Area Research) 374
Centre for Environment Education (CEE) 374
Greenpeace (An International NGO) 376
26.4 Conclusion 377

PART IX
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
CHAPTER 27
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

27.1 State Sovereignty 380
27.2 Co-operation 380
27.3 Preservation and protection of the environment 381
27.4 Prevention 382
27.5 Precautionary Principle 383
27.6 The “Polluter Pays Principle” 383
27.7 Sustainable Development 383
27.8 Intergenerational Equity and Responsibility 384
27.9 Common but differentiated responsibilities 385
27.10 Information and Assistance in Environ-mental Emergencies 385
27.11 Information and Consultation in Cross-boundary relations 386
27.12 The Rights of Individuals: Equality of access to procedures and non-discrimination in environmental matters 386
CHAPTER 28
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

28.1 International Instruments Relating to Conservation of Bio-Diversity 391
Flora and Fauna 391
Deforestation 391
Marine Resources 391
Antarctica and its resources 391
28.2 International Instruments Relating to Prevention of Pollution 392
Transboundary Pollution 392
Marine Pollution 392
Ozone Depletion 392
Desertification 393
Climate Change 393
28.3 International Declarations 393
28.4 Stockholm declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, 1972 393
28.5 RIO Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992 396
28.6 Agenda 21 398
28.7 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 399
Objectives 399
Measures for Conservation and sustainable use of Bio-Diversity 400
Salient features of CBD 400
1. Identification and Monitoring 400
2. In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation 400
3. Sustainable use of components of Biological Diversity 400
4. Research and Training 401
5. Public Education and Awareness 401
6. Impact Assessment and Minimizing Adverse Impacts 401
7. Access to Genetic Resources 401
8. Access to and Transfer of Technology 401
9. Exchange of Information 401
10. Technical and Scientific Cooperation 401
11. Handling of Bio-technology and distribution of its benefits 402
12. Financial Resources 402
28.8 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 402
Objective 402
Principles 402
Commitments 403
(a) Of all State Parties 403
(b) Of Developed Country Parties 404
Other obligations of State parties 405
Subsidiary bodies 405
UN Commission on Sustainable Development 406
Global Environment Facility 406
Review of Progress after Earth Summit 406
28.9 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Frame-Work Convention on Climate Change, 1997 407
28.10 The Johannesburg Declaration of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002 408
The Declaration 409
From Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro to Johannesburg 410
The Challenges we Face 410
Our Commitment to Sustainable Development 411
Multilateralism is the Future 412
Making it Happen! 412
28.11 Key Outcomes of the Johannesburg Summit (WSSD) 2002 413
28.12. Key Commitments, Targets and Timetables from the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation 414
Poverty Eradication 414
Water and Sanitation 414
Sustainable Production and Consumption 414
28.13 Energy 414
Renewable energy 414
Access to Energy 414
Energy Markets 414
Energy efficiency 414
28.14 Chemicals 414
28.15 Management of the natural resource base 415
Water 415
Oceans and fisheries415
Atmosphere 415
Biodiversity 415
Forests 415
Corporate responsibility 416
Health 416
Sustainable development of Small Island developing States 416
Sustainable development for Africa 416
Means of implementation 416
Institutional Framework for sustainable development 416
28.16 Key Initiatives and Announcements from the Johannesburg Summit 417
Water & Sanitation 417
Energy 417
Health 418
Agriculture 418
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management 418
Cross-Cutting Issues 418
28.17 Objects of Certain other Multilateral Environmental Agreements 419
28.18 State Obligations under Multilateral Environmental Agreements 420
28.19 Need for an effective International Institutional Mechanism 424
CHAPTER 29

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN TAMIL NADU

29.1 Some important details about Tamil Nadu 425 Problems 426
29.2 Water Pollution 426
29.2.1 Water quality monitoring in Tamil Nadu 426
29.2.2 Water Pollution Due to Sewage Discharges 426
29.2.3 Water Pollution due to Industrial Discharges 427
29.2.4 Pollution from Hazardous Industries 430
29.3 Air Pollution 430
29.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring 430
29.4 Noise Pollution 431
29.5 Coastal Environment near Urban Areas 431
CHAPTER 30
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF 29.
GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
29.
30.1 Introduction 433 29.
30.2 Forest Department 434
30.2.2 Extent of Forests 434
30.2.3 Forest Policy 434
30.2.4 Objectives 434
30.2.5 Strategy 435
30.2.5.1 Increasing green cover 435
30.2.5.2 Biological up gradation and ecological restoration through Joint Forest Management 435
30.2.5.3 Special Area Management 435
30.2.5.4 Management of Sanctuaries and National Parks 435
30.2.5.5 Catchment Area Management 435
30.2.5.6 Forest Protection 435
30.2.5.7 Production Forestry 436
30.2.5.8 Forestry for Tribal development 436
30.2.5.9 Extension Forestry 436
30.2.5.10 Community Forestry 436
30.2.6 Thrust Areas 436
30.2.6.1 Forest Research 436
30.2.6.2 Human Resources Development 437
30.2.6.3 Women's participation 437
30.2.6.4 Employment Generation 437
30.2.7 Achievements during 2002-2003 437
30.2.8 Forest revenue and expenditure 438
30.2.8.1 Revenue 438
30.2.8.2 Expenditure 438
30.2.9 Major schemes for 2003-2004 - On going schemes 438
30.2.9.1 Extension of Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project 438
30.2.9.2 Wildlife Schemes 439
30.2.9.3 Hill Area Development Programme 439
30.2.9.4 Western Ghats Development Programme 439
30.2.9.5 Integrated forest protection 440
30.2.9.6 Forest Research 440
30.2.9.7 Integrated Tribal Development Programme 440
30.2.9.8 National Afforestation Project 440
30.2.9.9 Tank foreshore plantations 440
30.2.9.10 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere 441
30.2.9.11 Wasteland Development Programme 441
30.2.10 New Projects 441
30.2.10.1 Tamil Nadu Natural Resources Management Project (Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project Phase-II) 441
30.2.10.2 Part-II schemes 441
30.2.10.3 Raising Jatropha plantation 442
30.2.10.4 Raising bamboo plantation 443
30.2.11 Corporations 443
30.2.11.1 Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Ltd443
30.2.11.2 Achievements 443
30.2.11.3 Pulpwood supply 443
30.2.11.4 Sandalwood oil factory 443
30.2.12 Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation Limited, Coonoor 443
30.2.13 Arasu Rubber Corporation Limited, Nagercoil 444
30.3 Department of Environment 444
30.3.2 Objectives of Department of Environment 444
30.3.3 National River Conservation Programme 445
30.3.4 Chennai City River Conservation Project (CCRCP) 445
30.3.5 National River Conservation Programme-New Integrated Schemes 445
30.3.6 National Lake Conservation Programme 446
30.3.7 Palar River Conservation at Ambur 446
30.3.8 Coastal Zone Management 446
30.3.9 Environmental awards 446
30.3.10 Achievements during 2002-2003 446
30.3.10.1 Environmental awareness programme 446
30.3.10.2 National Green Corps 446
30.3.10.3 Environmental Information System (ENVIS) 447
30.3.10.4 Environment Management Agency of Tamil Nadu 447
30.3.11 New schemes for the year 2003-2004 447
30.3.11.1 Restoration of a temple hillock on pilot scale 447
30.3.11.2 Environment education and awareness 448
30.3.11.3 Environmental research and development 448
30.3.11.4 Environmental amelioration through Self Help Groups 448
30.4 Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board 448
30.4.2 Interaction with other Departments 449
30.4.3 Monitoring of industrial pollution 449
30.4.3.1 Procedure for issue of consent 449
30.4.3.2 Complaints and legal action 450
30.4.3.3 17 Categories of highly polluting industries 450
30.4.3.4 Common effluent treatment plants 450
30.4.3.5 Cleaner technologies 451
30.4.3.6 Waste minimisation 452
30.4.3.7 Water conservation 452
30.4.3.8 Energy conservation 452
30.4.4 Air quality monitoring 452
30.4.4.1 Ambient air quality monitoring 452
30.4.4.2 Vehicle emission monitoring 453
30.4.5 Water quality monitoring 454
30.4.5.1 Water quality monitoring programs 454
30.4.6 Wastes Management 454
30.4.6.1 Hazardous substances management 454
30.4.6.2 Municipal solid waste management 455
30.4.6.3 Plastic wastes management 455
30.4.6.4 Biomedical wastes management 456
30.4.7 Other activities of TNPCB 456
30.4.7.1 Applied research and development 456
30.4.7.2 Environmental Training Institute 456
30.4.7.3 Environmental awareness 457
30.4.8 Schemes 457
30.4.8.1 Green belt scheme 457
30.4.8.2 Preparation of environmental atlas 457
30.4.8.3 Externally Aided Projects 457
30.4.8.4 Green awards 458
30.4.9 Proposed activities 458
30.4.9.1 Green award 2003 458
30.4.9.2 Green innovators award 458
30.4.9.3 Setting up Electroplating Park at Madurai 458
30.4.9.4 Automatic continuous Air quality Monitoring Centre 458

30.4.9.5 Provision of flue gas analyzers for Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Laboratories 459