Intellectual Property Rights in India

The conclusion of the TRIPs Agreement was the start of a new era in the field of intellectual property rights. The TRIPs Agreement evolved minimum standards for copyright, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indications, layout design of integrated circuits, and undisclosed information, which includes trade secrets. The subject of intellectual property rights has become extremely important since then. The member states of TRIPs Agreement were under an obligation to amend their laws relating to intellectual property rights to bring them in conformity with the provisions of TRIPs Agreement. India has also enacted new laws on designs, trademarks, plant varieties and farmer’s rights, geographical indications, semiconductor integrated circuits layout designs and amended the Copyright Act and Patents Act drastically.

This book is an attempt to discuss and analyse the law on intellectual property rights in India in very simple language. The book also discusses know-how and licences to give an overall picture of the law on intellectual property rights. A summary of all the international agreements, treaties and conventions on the subject has also been provided to familiarise the readers with these treaties. Both Indian and English cases have been referred and discussed. This book will prove to be of immense value to all persons interested in this field. This book contains all important appendices relating to this field for easy reference.

Contents
Preface .................................................................................................. ix
Contents ............................................................................................... xi
Table of Cases ...................................................................................... xli
INTRODUCTION
Introduction .................................................................................. 3
I. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS .................................................... 3
II. WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISATION ...........................10
COPYRIGHT
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT ..............16
II. OBJECTIVES OF COPYRIGHT LAW ..................................................18
III. NATURE OF COPYRIGHT ...............................................................21
IV. COPYRIGHT VIS-À-VIS PUBLIC INTEREST ..........................................22
V. NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS/ RELATED RIGHTS ....................................25
CHAPTER 2
Subject-matter of Copyright ........................................................ 27
I. ORIGINAL LITERARY WORKS ..........................................................28
II. ORIGINAL COMPUTER PROGRAMMES ...............................................53
III. ORIGINAL DRAMATIC WORKS ........................................................56
IV. ORIGINAL MUSICAL WORKS ..........................................................58
V. ORIGINAL ARTISTIC WORKS ..........................................................59
VI. CINEMATOGRAPH FILMS ................................................................66
VII. SOUND RECORDINGS ....................................................................71
VIII. ADAPTATION OF THE WORK ........................................................73
CHAPTER 3
Ownership of Copyright.............................................................. 75
I. OWNERSHIP IN LITERARY, DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL WORKS ...........75
II. OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT IN LECTURES, ADDRESSES ETC ............83
III. OWNERSHIP IN ARTISTIC WORK....................................................84
IV. OWNERSHIP IN COMPUTER PROGRAMMES .......................................85
V. OWNERSHIP IN CINEMATOGRAPH FILMS .........................................85
VI. OWNERSHIP IN SOUND RECORDINGS .............................................86
VII. OWNERSHIP IN GOVERNMENT WORK ............................................87
VIII. OWNERSHIP IN THE WORK OF PUBLIC UNDERTAKING......................89
IX. OWNERSHIP IN THE WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION .......90
X. TRANSMISSION OF COPYRIGHT IN MANUSCRIPT BY
TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITION ....................................................90
CHAPTER 4
Economic Rights of Copyright Owners ....................................... 91
I. COPYRIGHT: A BUNDLE OF RIGHTS ..............................................92
II. LITERARY, DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL WORKS ..................................93
III. COMPUTER PROGRAMME ............................................................ 101
IV. ARTISTIC WORK ....................................................................... 103
V. CINEMATOGRAPH FILM ............................................................... 106
VI. SOUND RECORDINGS ................................................................. 114
CHAPTER 5
Author’s Moral Rights ................................................................123
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 123
II. KINDS OF MORAL RIGHTS ........................................................ 123
III. MORAL RIGHTS IN INDIA .......................................................... 124
CHAPTER 6
Term of Copyright ......................................................................131
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 131
II. TERM OF COPYRIGHT IN PUBLISHED LITERARY,
DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL WORKS ......................................... 131
III. ARTISTIC WORK ....................................................................... 133
IV. CINEMATOGRAPH FILM ............................................................... 134
V. SOUND RECORDING .................................................................. 135
VI. TERM OF COPYRIGHT IN POSTHUMOUS WORK ........................... 135
VII. TERM OF COPYRIGHT IN GOVERNMENT WORKS ......................... 136
VIII. TERM OF COPYRIGHT IN WORKS OF PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS ....... 136
IX. TERM OF COPYRIGHT IN WORKS OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS ................................................................... 136
X. CERTAIN DISPUTES TO BE DECIDED BY COPYRIGHT BOARD ........ 136
XI. NATIONALITY OF AUTHOR WHERE THE MAKING OF
UNPUBLISHED WORK IS EXTENDED OVER
CONSIDERABLE PERIOD ......................................................... 137
CHAPTER 7
Assignment of Copyright and Licences ......................................139
I. ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT ..................................................... 139
II. MODE OF ASSIGNMENT ............................................................ 142
III. EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE COVENANT IN AGREEMENT ..................... 145
IV. REVOCATION OF ASSIGNMENT ................................................... 145
V. RIGHT OF AUTHOR TO RELINQUISH COPYRIGHT......................... 148
VI. LICENCES ................................................................................. 149
VII. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASSIGNMENT AND LICENCE ...................... 152
VIII. COMPULSORY LICENCES ............................................................. 156
IX. TERMINATION OF LICENCES ....................................................... 170
CHAPTER 8
Role of Copyright Societies in the Administration
of Copyright .........................................................................171
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 171
II. REGISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT SOCIETY ...................................... 171
III. CANCELLATION OR SUSPENSION OF THE REGISTRATION................ 173
IV. ADMINISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT BY COPYRIGHT SOCIETY ............ 174
V. AGREEMENT BETWEEN COPYRIGHT SOCIETY AND
SIMILAR FOREIGN SOCIETY .................................................... 175
VI. PAYMENT OF REMUNERATIONS BY COPYRIGHT SOCIETY ............... 176
VII. CONTROL OF RIGHT OWNERS ON COPYRIGHT SOCIETY ............. 177
VIII. ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT ............................................................. 177
IX. COPYRIGHT SOCIETY AND PUBLIC INTEREST ................................ 178
CHAPTER 9
Performer’s Rights ......................................................................179
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 179
II. BACKGROUND OF PERFORMERS RIGHTS ...................................... 180
III. PROTECTION OF PERFORMER’S RIGHTS IN INDIA ......................... 183
IV. DO PERFORMERS ENJOY MORAL RIGHTS IN INDIA? ..................... 184
V. TERM OF PERFORMER’S RIGHTS ................................................. 184
VI. EXCEPTIONS TO PERFORMER’S RIGHTS ........................................ 185
CHAPTER 10
Broadcast Reproduction Rights ..................................................187
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 187
II. SATELLITE BROADCASTING .......................................................... 188
III. TYPES OF SATELLITE BROADCASTING .......................................... 189
IV. CABLE TELEVISION .................................................................... 190
V. OWNERSHIP OF BROADCAST AND CABLE
TELEVISION PROGRAMME ...................................................... 191
VI. DURATION OF RIGHT IN BROADCASTS AND CABLE
PROGRAMMES ............................................................................ 192
VII. RIGHTS OF RIGHT OWNER IN BROADCAST AND CABLE
PROGRAMMES ....................................................................... 192
VIII. EXCEPTIONS TO PROTECTION OF RIGHTS IN BROADCAST ............ 194
IX. APPLICABILITY OF OTHER PROVISIONS TO BROADCAST
REPRODUCTION RIGHT ......................................................... 195
CHAPTER 11
International Copyright .............................................................197
I. EXTENSION OF COPYRIGHT TO FOREIGN WORKS ........................ 197
II. APPLICATION OF CHAPTER VIII OF THE ACT TO
BROADCASTING ORGANISATIONS AND PERFORMERS
IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES ........................................................ 199
III. WORKS OF CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ................. 200
IV. RESTRICTIONS ON RIGHTS OF FOREIGN AUTHORS,
BROADCASTING ORGANISATIONS AND PERFORMERS .................. 201
CHAPTER 12
Copyright Office, Copyright Board and Registration
of Copyright .........................................................................203
I. COPYRIGHT OFFICE ................................................................... 203
II. REGISTRAR AND DEPUTY REGISTRARS OF COPYRIGHTS ................. 203
III. REGISTRAR TO POSSESS CERTAIN POWERS OF CIVIL COURT .......... 204
IV. REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS ......................................................... 204
V. INSPECTION OF THE REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS
AND INDEXES ...................................................................... 206
VI. EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF THE REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS ............... 206
VII. CORRECTION OF ENTRIES IN THE REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS ...... 207
VIII. RECTIFICATION OF REGISTER BY COPYRIGHT BOARD ................... 208
IX. COPYRIGHT BOARD ................................................................... 210
X. REGISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT ................................................... 212
XI. APPEALS ................................................................................... 218
CHAPTER 13
Infringement of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights.................219
I. WHEN COPYRIGHT IS INFRINGED UNDER THE ACT? .................... 220
II. EXERCISING EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNER
WITHOUT PERMISSION .......................................................... 221
III. RIGHTS ARE PROTECTED IN WORKS, NOT IN IDEAS,
THEMES OR PLOTS .............................................................. 238
IV. INFRINGEMENT BY PERMISSION TO USE PLACE FOR
COMMUNICATION OF THE WORK ......................................... 241
V. INFRINGEMENT IN OTHER CASES ............................................... 241
VI. PASSING OFF THE COPYRIGHT.................................................... 247
VII. INFRINGEMENT OF NEIGHBOUIRING RIGHTS ................................ 248
CHAPTER 14
Permitted Acts in Relation to Copyright .....................................251
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 251
II. COMMON LAW EXCEPTIONS ....................................................... 251
III. STATUTORY EXCEPTIONS (PERMITTED USES) ................................ 252
CHAPTER 15
Remedies for Infringement of Copyright ...................................277
I. CIVIL REMEDIES ....................................................................... 277
II. ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDY .......................................................... 317
CHAPTER 16
Offences .....................................................................................321
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 321
II. OFFENCE OF INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT OR
OTHER RIGHT ..................................................................... 321
III. REGISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT IS NOT A PRE-CONDITION
FOR PROSECUTION ............................................................... 325
IV. POWERS OF POLICE TO SEIZE INFRINGING COPIES ....................... 325
V. POSSESSION OF PLATES FOR MAKING INFRINGING COPIES ............ 327
VI. DELIVERY OF INFRINGING COPIES TO THE OWNER
OF COPYRIGHT .................................................................... 327
VII. PENALTY FOR MAKING FALSE ENTRIES IN REGISTER FOR
PRODUCING OR TENDERING FALSE ENTRIES ........................... 328
VIII. PUNISHMENT FOR CONTRAVENTION OF SECTION 52A ................. 329
IX. JURISDICTION OF HIGH COURT UNDER
SECTION 482 CR PC .......................................................... 329
X. OFFENCES BY COMPANIES.......................................................... 330
XI. APPEALS AGAINST CERTAIN ORDER OF MAGISTRATE .................... 333
XII. CRIMINAL REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS ........................................................ 333
CHAPTER 17
Copyright and Internet ..............................................................335
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 335
II. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT ON INTERNET ............................. 336
III. FAIR USE DEFENCE ................................................................... 341
IV. PROTECTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES ............................. 343
V. RIGHTS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION ......................................... 344
VI. LIABILITY OF INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS ................................ 345
VII. JURISDICTION ............................................................................ 348
DESIGNS
CHAPTER 18
Introduction ...............................................................................355
I. PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS: RATIONALE ...................... 355
II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DESIGN LAW ............................... 355
III. OBJECTIVES OF DESIGNS ACT 2000 ......................................... 356
IV. MEANING OF DESIGN ............................................................... 356
V. ARTICLE ................................................................................... 362
VI. PROPRIETOR OF A NEW OR ORIGINAL DESIGN .......................... 364
VII. CONTROLLER AND OTHER OFFICERS ......................................... 365
CHAPTER 19
Registration of Designs ..............................................................367
I. CRITERIA FOR THE REGISTRATION OF DESIGN ............................ 367
II. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF DESIGNS ............................. 380
III. REGISTRATION IN RESPECT OF PARTICULAR ARTICLE ................... 382
IV. PUBLICATION OF PARTICULARS OF REGISTERED DESIGNS .............. 383
V. POWER OF CONTROLLER TO MAKE ORDERS REGARDING
SUBSTITUTION OF APPLICATION, ETC ......................................... 383
VI. GRANT OF CERTIFICATE ............................................................ 384
VII. REGISTER OF DESIGNS .............................................................. 385
CHAPTER 20
Copyright in Registered Designs ................................................387
I. NATURE OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN DESIGNS ...................... 387
II. COPYRIGHT IN DESIGN AND DURATION ..................................... 388
III. RESTORATION OF LAPSED DESIGNS ............................................ 388
IV. REQUIREMENTS BEFORE DELIVERY ON SALES .............................. 389
V. EFFECT OF DISCLOSURE ON COPYRIGHT .................................... 390
VI. INSPECTION OF REGISTERED DESIGNS ........................................ 391
VII. INFORMATION AS TO EXISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT ......................... 391
VIII. CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION .............................................. 392
IX. DESIGNS TO BIND GOVERNMENT .............................................. 402
X. RECTIFICATION OF REGISTER ..................................................... 402
CHAPTER 21
Piracy of Registered Design and Remedies.................................405
I. PIRACY OF REGISTERED DESIGN ................................................. 405
II. INFRINGEMENT WHERE BOTH THE DESIGNS ARE
REGISTERED: TESTS TO BE APPLIED ...................................... 413
III. REMEDIES AGAINST THE PIRACY OF REGISTERED DESIGN ............. 413
IV. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT ................................................... 424
V. PASSING OFF ............................................................................ 425
VI. DEFENCES IN INFRINGEMENT SUIT ............................................. 426
VII. TRANSFER OF SUIT OR PROCEEDINGS TO HIGH COURT .............. 431
VIII. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ................................................................. 432
IX. APPLICATION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE
PATENTS ACT ...................................................................... 433
CHAPTER 22
Miscellaneous .............................................................................435
I. INSPECTION OF AND EXTRACTS FROM REGISTERS ....................... 435
II. NO PUBLICATION OF SPECIFICATION, DRAWINGS,
WHERE APPLICATION IS ABANDONED ..................................... 435
III. POWER OF CONTROLLER TO CORRECT CLERICAL ERRORS ........... 436
IV. ENTRY OF ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSMISSIONS IN REGISTERS ........ 436
V. POWERS AND DUTIES OF CONTROLLER ..................................... 437
VI. EXERCISE OF DISCRETIONARY POWER ......................................... 437
VII. REFUSAL TO REGISTER A DESIGN .............................................. 438
VIII. APPEALS TO THE HIGH COURT .................................................. 438
IX. EVIDENCE BEFORE THE CONTROLLER ........................................ 438
X. CERTIFICATE OF CONTROLLER TO BE EVIDENCE ........................ 438
XI. AVOIDANCE OF CERTAIN RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONS .................... 439
XII. AGENCY ................................................................................... 440
XIII. PROTECTION OF SECURITY OF INDIA ......................................... 441
XIV. INTERNATIONAL RECIPROCAL ARRANGEMENT ............................... 441
XV. REPEAL AND SAVINGS ................................................................ 442
TRADE MARKS
CHAPTER 23
Introduction ...............................................................................447
I. FUNCTIONS OF TRADE MARK .................................................... 447
II. OBJECTIVES OF TRADE MARK LAW ............................................ 448
III. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRADE MARK LAW
IN INDIA ............................................................................. 448
IV. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF TRADE MARK ............................ 450
V. CERTIFICATION TRADE MARK ..................................................... 456
VI. COLLECTIVE MARK ................................................................... 457
VII. GOODS AND SERVICES .............................................................. 457
VIII. WELL-KNOWN TRADE MARK ..................................................... 457
IX. LITERARY TITLE ........................................................................ 458
X. TRADE MARK AND PROPERTY MARK .......................................... 460
XI. DOMAIN NAME ........................................................................ 461
XII. APPLICABILITY OF TRADE MARK LAW TO DOMAIN NAME ............ 461
XIII. DISTINCTION BETWEEN TRADE MARK AND
DOMAIN NAME ................................................................... 462
CHAPTER 24
Registrar of Trade Marks and Trade Marks Registry .................463
I. APPOINTMENT OF REGISTRAR .................................................... 463
II. POWER OF REGISTRAR TO WITHDRAW OR TRANSFER CASES ........ 463
III. TRADE MARKS REGISTRY AND ITS OFFICES ................................ 464
IV. REGISTER OF TRADE MARKS ..................................................... 464
V. INDEXES ................................................................................... 465
VI. CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES .................................. 465
VII. PUBLICATION OF ALPHABETICAL INDEX ....................................... 466
CHAPTER 25
Conditions of Registration of Trade Marks ...............................467
I. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL OF REGISTRATION ................. 467
II. LIMITATION AS TO COLOUR TO DECIDE THE DISTINCTIVE
CHARACTER ......................................................................... 486
III. RELATIVE GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL OF REGISTRATION .................. 486
IV. REGISTRATION IN THE CASE OF HONEST CONCURRENT USE ....... 498
V. NO REGISTRATION OF NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
OR INTERNATIONAL NON-PROPRIETARY NAMES ....................... 501
VI. USE OF NAMES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF LIVING OR
DEAD PERSONS .................................................................... 503
VII. RESTRICTION ON REGISTRATION OF TEXTILE GOODS ................. 503
VIII. REGISTRATION OF PARTS OF TRADE MARKS ............................... 503
IX. REGISTRATION OF TRADE MARKS AS A SERIES ............................ 504
X. REGISTRATION OF TRADE MARKS AS ASSOCIATED
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 505
XI. DISSOLUTION OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ASSOCIATED
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 506
XII. EFFECT OF REGISTRATION OF PARTS OF A MARK ...................... 506
CHAPTER 26
Procedure for Registration .........................................................509
I. WHO CAN MAKE AN APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION? .............. 509
II. ACCEPTANCE OR REFUSAL OF APPLICATION ................................ 513
III. CORRECTION AND AMENDMENT ................................................ 513
IV. WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE .................................................. 514
V. ADVERTISEMENT OF APPLICATION .............................................. 514
VI. OPPOSITION TO REGISTRATION .................................................. 516
VII. COUNTER-STATEMENT FROM THE APPLICANT .............................. 520
VIII. SUBMISSION OF EVIDENCES AND THE DECISION
OF REGISTRAR ..................................................................... 520
IX. REGISTRATION .......................................................................... 521
X. JOINTLY OWNED TRADE MARKS ................................................ 523
XI. PRELIMINARY ADVICE BY THE REGISTRAR AS
TO DISTINCTIVENESS ........................................................... 523
XII. DURATION OF REGISTRATION .................................................... 523
XIII. RENEWAL OF REGISTRATION ...................................................... 525
XIV. RESTORATION OF REGISTRATION ................................................ 526
XV. REMOVAL OF TRADE MARK....................................................... 526
XVI. EFFECT OF REMOVAL FROM REGISTER ....................................... 527
CHAPTER 27
Effect of Registration, Infringement and Passing off..................529
I. COMMON LAW RIGHTS FOR PASSING OFF ................................... 530
II. RIGHTS CONFERRED BY REGISTRATION ....................................... 531
III. RIGHTS OF REGISTERED PROPRIETORS OF IDENTICAL
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 535
IV. INFRINGEMENT OF REGISTERED TRADE MARKS ........................... 537
V. CERTAIN ACTS NOT TO CONSTITUTE INFRINGEMENT OF
A REGISTERED TRADE MARK ................................................ 574
VI. ACQUIESCENCE ......................................................................... 576
VII. EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS ........................................................... 579
VIII. VESTED RIGHTS ....................................................................... 579
IX. PASSING OFF ............................................................................ 583
X. CAN ENGLISH PRINCIPLES APPLY IN THEIR ENTIRETY
IN INDIA? ............................................................................ 601
XI. DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE
MARK AND PASSING OFF ..................................................... 602
XII. INFRINGEMENT AND PASSING OFF: ONUS TO PROVE ................... 605
XIII. PASSING OFF DOMAIN NAME ..................................................... 605
XIV. CAUSE OF ACTION ................................................................... 607
XV. REGISTRATION TO BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF VALIDITY ........ 608
XVI. PROTECTION OF REGISTRATION ON GROUND OF
DISTINCTIVENESS IN CERTAIN CASES ..................................... 610
XVII. MARKS REGISTERED BY AN AGENT OR REPRESENTATIVE
WITHOUT AUTHORITY .............................................................. 610
XVIII. SAVING FOR USE OF NAME, ADDRESS OR DESCRIPTION
OF GOODS OR SERVICES ...................................................... 611
XIX. WORDS USED AS NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF AN ARTICLE
OR SUBSTANCE .................................................................... 612
CHAPTER 28
Assignment and Transmission ...................................................615
I. POWER OF REGISTERED PROPRIETOR TO ASSIGN AND
GIVE RECEIPTS .................................................................... 615
II. ASSIGNABILITY AND TRANSMISSIBILITY OF REGISTERED AND
UNREGISTERED TRADE MARKS .............................................. 615
III. ASSIGNABILITY AND TRANSMISSIBILITY OF CERTIFICATION
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 621
IV. ASSIGNABILITY AND TRANSMISSIBILITY OF ASSOCIATED
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 621
V. REGISTRATION OF ASSIGNMENTS AND TRANSMISSIONS ................. 621
CHAPTER 29
Use of Trade Marks and Registered Users .................................629
I. PROPOSED USE OF TRADE MARK ............................................... 629
II. REMOVAL FROM REGISTER ON GROUND OF NON-USE ............... 630
III. REGISTERED USERS ................................................................... 650
IV. CONFIRMATION OF SUBSISTENCE OF AGREEMENT: POWERS
OF REGISTRAR ..................................................................... 660
V. RIGHT OF REGISTERED USER TO TAKE PROCEEDINGS
AGAINST INFRINGEMENT ....................................................... 660
VI. REGISTERED USER NOT TO HAVE RIGHT OF ASSIGNMENT
OR TRANSMISSION ................................................................ 661
VII. REGISTERED USER TO BE IMPLEADED IN CERTAIN
PROCEEDINGS ...................................................................... 661
VIII. USE OF ONE OF ASSOCIATED OR SUBSTANTIALLY
IDENTICAL TRADE MARKS EQUIVALENT TO USE
OF ANOTHER ...................................................................... 662
IX. USE OF TRADE MARK FOR EXPORT TRADE ................................ 662
CHAPTER 30
Rectification and Correction of Register ....................................663
I. POWER OF TRIBUNAL TO CANCEL OR VARY REGISTRATION ......... 663
II. CORRECTION OF REGISTER ........................................................ 675
III. ALTERATION OF REGISTERED TRADE MARKS ............................... 676
IV. ADAPTATION OF ENTRIES IN REGISTER TO AMENDED
CLASSIFICATION .................................................................... 678
V. APPLICATION FOR RECTIFICATION TO APPELLATE BOARD IN
CERTAIN CASES .................................................................... 678
CHAPTER 31
Collective Marks and Certification Trade Marks .......................679
I. COLLECTIVE MARK ................................................................... 679
II. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION TO BE ACCOMPANIED BY
REGULATIONS ...................................................................... 679
III. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS BY REGISTERED PROPRIETOR OF
COLLECTIVE MARK .............................................................. 681
IV. ADDITIONAL GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL OF REGISTRATION OF
COLLECTIVE MARK .............................................................. 681
V. CERTIFICATION TRADE MARKS .................................................... 682
VI. REGISTRATION OF CERTIFICATION TRADE MARKS ........................ 682
VII. RIGHTS CONFERRED BY REGISTRATION OF CERTIFICATION
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 685
VIII. INFRINGEMENT OF CERTIFICATION TRADE MARKS ....................... 685
IX. ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING INFRINGEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
TRADE MARKS ..................................................................... 686
X. CANCELLATION OR VARYING OF REGISTRATION .......................... 687
CHAPTER 32
Special Provisions for Textile Goods ..........................................689
I. TEXTILE GOODS ....................................................................... 689
II. RESTRICTION ON REGISTRATION OF TEXTILE GOODS ................. 689
III. STAMPING OF PIECE GOODS, COTTON YARN AND THREAD ......... 691
IV. DETERMINATION OF CHARACTER OF TEXTILE GOODS
BY SAMPLING ....................................................................... 694
CHAPTER 33
Appellate Board ..........................................................................697
I. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY APPELLATE BOARD ............................... 697
II. APPEALS TO APPELLATE BOARD .................................................. 698
III. POWERS OF APPELLATE BOARD .................................................. 699
IV. INTERIM ORDERS ...................................................................... 699
V. TRANSFER OF CASES FROM ONE BENCH TO ANOTHER ............... 699
VI. RECTIFICATION OF REGISTER ..................................................... 700
VII. APPEARANCE OF REGISTRAR IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS .................... 700
VIII. TRANSFER OF PENDING PROCEEDINGS TO APPELLATE BOARD ....... 701
IX. CERTIFICATE OF VALIDITY ......................................................... 701
CHAPTER 34
Offences, Penalties and Procedure .............................................703
I. MEANING OF APPLYING TRADE MARKS AND TRADE
DESCRIPTIONS ...................................................................... 703
II. FALSE TRADE MARK AND FALSIFYING TRADE MARK .................... 705
III. FALSELY APPLYING TRADE MARKS ............................................... 705
IV. BURDEN OF PROOF .................................................................... 705
V. PENALTY FOR APPLYING FALSE TRADE MARKS, TRADE
DESCRIPTION ....................................................................... 705
VI. PENALTY FOR SELLING GOODS WITH FALSE
TRADE MARK ...................................................................... 707
VII. CRIMINAL OFFENCES MAY BE IN RESPECT OF REGISTERED
AND UNREGISTERED TRADE MARK ........................................ 708
VIII. NO OFFENCE IN CERTAIN CASES ............................................... 709
IX. PENALTY FOR FALSELY REPRESENTING A TRADE MARK
AS REGISTERED .................................................................... 709
X. DESCRIBING A PLACE OF BUSINESS AS CONNECTED WITH
TRADE MARKS OFFICE ......................................................... 710
XI. FALSIFICATION OF ENTRIES IN THE REGISTER ............................. 710
XII. FORFEITURE OF GOODS ............................................................ 710
XIII. EXEMPTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN ORDINARY COURSE
OF BUSINESS ....................................................................... 711
XIV. PLEADING OF INVALIDITY OF REGISTRATION BY
THE ACCUSED ..................................................................... 711
XV. OFFENCES BY COMPANIES.......................................................... 712
XVI. COGNISANCE OF CERTAIN OFFENCES ......................................... 713
XVII. POWERS OF POLICE OFFICER FOR SEARCH
AND SEIZURE ....................................................................... 713
XVIII. EVIDENCE OF ORIGIN OF GOODS IMPORTED BY SEA .................. 714
XIX. COSTS OF DEFENCE OR PROSECUTION ...................................... 714
XX. LIMITATION OF PROSECUTION .................................................... 714
XXI. INFORMATION AS TO COMMISSION OF OFFENCE ......................... 715
XXII. PUNISHMENT OF ABETMENT IN INDIA OF ACTS DONE
OUT OF INDIA .................................................................... 716
CHAPTER 35
Jurisdiction and Remedies for Infringement of Trade
Marks and Passing off ..........................................................717
I. SUIT TO BE INSTITUTED BEFORE DISTRICT COURT ..................... 717
II. REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARKS OR FOR
PASSING OFF ....................................................................... 725
III. REGISTERED USER TO BE IMPLEADED IN CERTAIN
PROCEEDINGS ...................................................................... 764
IV. GROUNDLESS THREATS OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS .......................... 764
CHAPTER 36
Miscellaneous .............................................................................767
I. PROTECTION OF ACTION TAKEN IN GOOD FAITH .................... 767
II. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS WHERE VALIDITY OF REGISTRATION
IS QUESTIONED ................................................................. 767
III. APPLICATION FOR RECTIFICATION TO APPELLATE BOARD ............ 770
IV. IMPLIED WARRANTY ON SALE OF MARKED GOODS .................. 771
V. POWERS OF REGISTRAR ........................................................... 771
VI. EXERCISE OF DISCRETIONARY POWER BY REGISTRAR ................. 772
VII. EVIDENCE BEFORE REGISTRAR .................................................. 772
VIII. POWER OF REGISTRAR TO SUBSTITUTE SUCCESSOR IN
CASE OF DEATH ................................................................ 772
IX. EXTENSION OF TIME .............................................................. 773
X. ABANDONMENT OF APPLICATION ............................................. 773
XI. PRELIMINARY ADVICE BY THE REGISTRAR AS TO
DISTINCTIVENESS ............................................................... 773
XII. EVIDENCE OF ENTRIES IN REGISTER ........................................ 774
XIII. REGISTRAR NOT COMPELLABLE TO PRODUCE REGISTER ............. 775
XIV. POWER TO REQUIRE GOODS TO SHOW INDICATION
OF ORIGIN ........................................................................ 775
XV. POWER TO REQUIRE INFORMATION OF IMPORTED
GOODS BEARING FALSE TRADE MARKS ................................ 776
XVI. CERTIFICATE OF VALIDITY ....................................................... 777
XVII. ADDRESS FOR SERVICE ............................................................. 777
XVIII. TRADE USAGES ARE TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION ......... 777
XIX. AGENTS ................................................................................. 778
XX. MARKS REGISTERED BY AN AGENT OR REPRESENTATIVE
WITHOUT AUTHORITY ........................................................ 778
XXI. DOCUMENTS OPEN TO PUBLIC INSPECTION ............................. 779
XXII. FEES AND SURCHARGE ............................................................. 780
XXIII. SAVINGS IN RESPECT OF CERTAIN MATTERS IN
CHAPTER XII ..................................................................... 781
XXIV. DECLARATION AS TO OWNERSHIP OF TRADE MARK NOT
REGISTRABLE UNDER THE REGISTRATION ACT 1908 ............ 782
XXV. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FROM CITIZENS OF
CONVENTION COUNTRIES ................................................... 782
XXVI. RECIPROCITY .......................................................................... 783
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
CHAPTER 37
Introduction ...............................................................................787
I. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS .............................. 787
II. RATIONALE OF PROTECTING GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ............ 788
III. FUNCTIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ............................... 789
IV. DISTINCTION BETWEEN TRADE MARK AND GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS ............................................................................. 789
V. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAW ON GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS IN INDIA .......................................................... 789
VI. BASMATI CONTROVERSY ............................................................. 790
VII. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS REGISTRY ....................................... 792
CHAPTER 38
The Register and Conditions for Registration ............................793
I. REGISTRAR OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ................................ 793
II. REGISTER OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS .................................. 793
III. INDEXES ................................................................................... 794
IV. PART A AND PART B OF THE REGISTER .................................... 795
V. REGISTRATION TO BE IN RESPECT OF PARTICULAR GOODS
AND AREA ........................................................................... 795
VI. PROHIBITION OF REGISTRATION OF CERTAIN GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS ............................................................................. 795
VII. REGISTRATION OF HOMONYMOUS GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS ........................................................................ 796
CHAPTER 39
Registration of Geographical Indication .....................................797
I. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION ................................................ 797
II. WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE .................................................. 800
III. ADVERTISEMENT OF APPLICATION .............................................. 800
IV. OPPOSITION TO REGISTRATION .................................................. 800
V. REGISTRATION .......................................................................... 801
VI. REGISTRATION OF AUTHORISED USER ......................................... 802
VII. PROHIBITION OF REGISTRATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATION AS A TRADE MARK ............................................ 803
VIII. PROTECTION OF CERTAIN TRADE MARKS ................................... 805
IX. TERM OF A GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION..................................... 805
CHAPTER 40
Effects of Registration ................................................................807
I. RIGHTS CONFERRED BY REGISTRATION ....................................... 807
II. INFRINGEMENT OF REGISTERED GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION ......... 808
III. ADDITIONAL PROTECTION TO CERTAIN GOODS UNDER
THE ACT ............................................................................ 808
IV. WHEN IS THERE NO INFRINGEMENT? ........................................ 810
V. REGISTRATION TO BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF VALIDITY ........ 810
VI. PROHIBITION OF ASSIGNMENT OR TRANSMISSION ........................ 811
CHAPTER 41
Rectification and Correction of the Register ...............................813
I. POWER OF THE TRIBUNAL TO RECTIFY THE REGISTER ................ 813
II. CORRECTION OF REGISTER ........................................................ 815
III. ALTERATION OF REGISTERED GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION............. 816
IV. PROHIBITION ON AMENDMENT OF REGISTER ............................. 817
CHAPTER 42
Appeals .......................................................................................819
I. BAR OF JURISDICTION OF COURTS ............................................. 819
II. PROCEDURE OF THE APPELLATE BOARD ...................................... 819
III. PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION FOR RECTIFICATION
BEFORE APPELLATE BOARD .................................................... 820
IV. APPEARANCE OF REGISTRAR IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS .................... 820
CHAPTER 43
Powers of The Registrar .............................................................821
I. POWERS OF THE REGISTRAR OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ...... 821
CHAPTER 44
Infringement and Passing off: Procedure and Reliefs .................823
I. INSTITUTION OF THE SUIT BEFORE DISTRICT COURT ................. 823
II. CIVIL REMEDIES ....................................................................... 823
III. PASSING OFF ............................................................................ 825
IV. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS .............................................................. 825
V. APPLICATION FOR RECTIFICATION IN INFRINGEMENT CASES .......... 826
VI. GROUNDLESS THREATS OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS .......................... 826
CHAPTER 45
Offences, Penalties and Procedure .............................................827
I. APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION TO GOODS ............. 827
II. FALSE GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ............................................ 828
III. PENALTIES ................................................................................ 828
IV. CHALLENGE OF VALIDITY OF REGISTRATION .............................. 831
V. POWERS OF POLICE OFFICER OF SEARCH AND SEIZURE ............... 831
VI. PERIOD OF LIMITATION ............................................................. 832
VII. FORFEITURE OF GOODS ............................................................ 832
VIII. EXEMPTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN ORDINARY COURSE OF
BUSINESS .................................................................................. 832
IX. OFFENCES BY COMPANIES.......................................................... 833
X. PUNISHMENT FOR ABETMENT IN INDIA OF ACTS DONE OUT OF
INDIA ....................................................................................... 833
CHAPTER 46
Miscellaneous .............................................................................835
I. PROTECTION OF ACTION TAKEN IN GOOD FAITH ...................... 835
II. IMPLIED WARRANTY ON SALE OF INDICATED GOODS ................. 835
III. POWERS OF REGISTRAR OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS .............. 835
IV. AUTHORISED USER TO BE IMPLEADED ........................................ 837
V. POWER TO REQUIRE GOODS TO SHOW INDICATION
OF ORIGIN ............................................................................... 837
VI. CERTIFICATE OF VALIDITY ......................................................... 838
VII. EVIDENCE OF ENTRIES TO REGISTER ......................................... 838
VIII. ADDRESS FOR SERVICE ............................................................... 839
IX. TRADE USAGES TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION .................. 839
X. AGENTS ................................................................................... 839
XI. REGISTRATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AGENT................ 839
XII. APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION FROM CITIZENS
OF CONVENTION COUNTRIES ............................................... 842
XIII. PROVISIONS AS TO RECIPROCITY ................................................ 843
PATENTS
CHAPTER 47
Introduction ...............................................................................847
I. RATIONALE OF PATENT SYSTEM ................................................. 848
II. IS IT MANDATORY TO GET A PATENT? ...................................... 848
III. HISTORY OF PATENT LAW ......................................................... 849
IV. MEANING OF PATENT ............................................................... 850
V. PRODUCT PATENT AND PROCESS PATENT ................................... 868
VI. WHAT ARE NOT INVENTIONS? .................................................. 869
VII. PATENTING OF BIO-TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS ....................... 877
VIII. CONCURRENT PATENTS ............................................................. 878
IX. CONTROLLER OF PATENTS AND OTHER OFFICERS ...................... 878
X. PATENT OFFICE AND ITS BRANCHES........................................... 879
CHAPTER 48
Application for Patent ................................................................881
I. WHO CAN APPLY FOR A PATENT? .............................................. 881
II. FORM OF APPLICATION .............................................................. 884
III. INFORMATION AND UNDERTAKING REGARDING FOREIGN
APPLICATIONS ....................................................................... 887
IV. PROVISIONAL AND COMPLETE SPECIFICATION............................... 888
V. PRIORITY DATES OF CLAIMS OF A COMPLETE SPECIFICATION ....... 897
CHAPTER 49
Publication and Examination of Applications .............................899
I. PUBLICATION OF APPLICATION .................................................... 899
II. REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION ...................................................... 900
III. EXAMINATION OF APPLICATION .................................................. 901
IV. SEARCH FOR ANTICIPATION ........................................................ 902
V. PROCEDURE IN CASE OF ANTICIPATION BY PRIOR PUBLICATION .... 904
VI. PROCEDURE IN CASE OF ANTICIPATION BY PRIOR
CLAIMING ............................................................................ 905
VII. AMENDMENT OF THE COMPLETE SPECIFICATION IN CASE
OF ANTICIPATION ................................................................ 905
VIII. EXAMINATION NOT TO WARRANT VALIDITY OF PATENT ............. 905
IX. CONSIDERATION OF EXAMINER’S REPORT BY CONTROLLER .......... 908
X. DIVISION OF APPLICATION: POWER OF CONTROLLER
TO MAKE ORDER................................................................ 910
XI. DATING OF APPLICATIONS ......................................................... 911
XII. ANTICIPATION: POWERS OF CONTROLLER ................................... 911
XIII. POTENTIAL INFRINGEMENT: POWERS OF CONTROLLER ................. 912
XIV. SUBSTITUTION OF APPLICANTS: POWERS OF CONTROLLER ........... 913
XV. DISPUTE BETWEEN THE JOINT APPLICANTS FOR A PATENT .......... 914
XVI. TIME FOR PUTTING APPLICATION IN ORDER FOR GRANT ............. 914
CHAPTER 50
Representation and Opposition .................................................919
I. GROUNDS OF OPPOSITION ......................................................... 919
II. OPPOSITION BOARD .................................................................. 931
III. MENTION OF INVENTOR IN PATENT ......................................... 931
CHAPTER 51
Anticipation ................................................................................933
I. PREVIOUS PUBLICATION .............................................................. 933
II. PREVIOUS COMMUNICATION TO GOVERNMENT............................ 936
III. PUBLIC DISPLAY ........................................................................ 937
IV. PUBLIC WORKING ..................................................................... 937
V. PUBLIC USER—SALE OF GOODS ............................................... 939
VI. USE AND PUBLICATION AFTER PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION .......... 939
CHAPTER 52
Secrecy of Inventions .................................................................941
I. SECRECY DIRECTIONS RELATING TO INVENTIONS
RELEVANT FOR DEFENCE PURPOSES ...................................... 941
II. SECRECY DIRECTIONS TO BE PERIODICALLY REVIEWED ................ 941
III. CONSEQUENCES OF SECRECY DIRECTIONS .................................. 942
IV. REVOCATION OF SECRECY DIRECTIONS AND
EXTENSION OF TIME ........................................................... 943
V. PROHIBITION TO APPLY FOR PATENTS RELEVANT FOR
DEFENCE PURPOSES .............................................................. 943
VI. FINALITY OF ORDERS OF CONTROLLER AND CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT ..................................................................... 944
VII. DISCLOSURE TO GOVERNMENT .................................................. 944
CHAPTER 53
Grant of Patents and Rights of Patentee ....................................945
I. GRANT OF PATENTS ................................................................. 945
II. DATE OF PATENT ..................................................................... 947
III. PERMITTED USES IN RESPECT OF A PATENT .............................. 948
IV. RIGHTS OF PATENTEE ............................................................... 948
V. USE OF PATENT TEMPORARILY OR ACCIDENTALLY ON
FOREIGN VESSELS ................................................................. 951
VI. RIGHTS OF CO-OWNERS OF PATENTS ........................................ 952
VII. LAW OF OWNERSHIP AND DEVOLUTION TO APPLY ..................... 952
VIII. POWER OF CONTROLLER TO GIVE DIRECTIONS TO
CO-OWNERS ........................................................................ 952
IX. DIRECTIONS NOT TO AFFECT MUTUAL RIGHTS AND
OBLIGATIONS ....................................................................... 953
X. GRANT OF PATENT TO TRUE AND FIRST INVENTOR ................... 953
XI. TERM OF PATENT .................................................................... 954
XII. CESSATION OF PATENT ON ACCOUNT OF NON-PAYMENT
OF RENEWAL FEE ................................................................ 954
XIII. PATENTS OF ADDITION ............................................................. 955
CHAPTER 54
Amendment of Applications and Specifications .........................959
I. AMENDMENT OF APPLICATION AND SPECIFICATION BEFORE
CONTROLLER ....................................................................... 959
II. AMENDMENT OF SPECIFICATION BEFORE APPELLATE BOARD
OR HIGH COURT ................................................................ 960
III. SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS ....................................................... 961
CHAPTER 55
Restoration of Lapsed Patents ....................................................963
I. APPLICATION FOR RESTORATION OF LAPSED PATENTS .................. 963
II. PROCEDURE FOR DISPOSAL OF APPLICATIONS .............................. 963
III. RIGHTS OF PATENTEE OF LAPSED PATENT WHICH HAS
BEEN RESTORED .................................................................. 965
IV. NO INFRINGEMENT SUIT ........................................................... 965
CHAPTER 56
Surrender and Revocation of Patents .........................................967
I. SURRENDER OF PATENTS ........................................................... 967
II. REVOCATION OF PATENTS ......................................................... 967
III. ADDITIONAL GROUND FOR REVOKING PATENT ........................... 980
IV. NOTICE OF PETITION FOR REVOCATION IS TO BE SERVED
ON PROPRIETORS ................................................................. 980
V. REVOCATION OF PATENT ON DIRECTIONS FROM
GOVERNMENT IN ATOMIC ENERGY CASES ............................. 981
VI. REVOCATION OF PATENT IN PUBLIC INTEREST............................ 981
CHAPTER 57
Register of Patents ......................................................................983
I. PARTICULARS OF REGISTER OF PATENTS ..................................... 983
II. ASSIGNMENTS NOT TO BE VALID UNLESS IN WRITING
AND EXECUTED ................................................................... 984
III. REGISTRATION OF ASSIGNMENTS, TRANSMISSIONS, ETC................ 985
IV. POWER OF REGISTERED GRANTEE OR PROPRIETOR TO
DEAL WITH PATENT ............................................................ 986
V. RECTIFICATION OF REGISTER BY APPELLATE BOARD .................... 987
VI. REGISTER TO BE OPEN FOR INSPECTION .................................... 988
CHAPTER 58
Working of Patents, Compulsory Licences and Revocation ........989
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO WORKING OF
PATENTED INVENTIONS ........................................................ 989
II. COMPULSORY LICENSES .............................................................. 990
III. REVOCATION OF PATENTS BY THE CONTROLLER FOR
NON-WORKING .................................................................... 993
IV. ADJOURNMENT OF APPLICATIONS FOR COMPULSORY
LICENCES ............................................................................ 994
V. PROCEDURE FOR DEALING WITH APPLICATIONS FOR
GRANT OF COMPULSORY LICENCES OR REVOCATION
OF PATENTS ........................................................................ 994
VI. POWERS OF CONTROLLER IN GRANTING COMPULSORY
LICENCES ............................................................................ 995
VII. GRANT OF LICENCE WHERE THE PATENTEE HAS TWO OR
MORE PATENTS ................................................................... 996
VIII. REVISION OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF A LICENCE ............... 996
IX. GENERAL PURPOSES FOR GRANTING COMPULSORY LICENCES ........ 996
X. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF COMPULSORY LICENCES ................. 997
XI. LICENSING OF RELATED PATENTS .............................................. 998
XII. COMPULSORY LICENCES ON NOTIFICATION BY
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ....................................................... 998
XIII. COMPULSORY LICENCE FOR EXPORTING PATENTED
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS ................................................. 999
XIV. TERMINATION OF COMPULSORY LICENCE .................................. 1000
CHAPTER 59
Use of Inventions for Government Purposes ..........................1001
I. POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO USE INVENTIONS
FOR GOVERNMENT PURPOSES ............................................. 1001
II. RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES FOR USE OF INVENTION FOR
GOVERNMENT PURPOSES ..................................................... 1002
III. ACQUISITION OF INVENTIONS AND PATENTS BY THE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ..................................................... 1003
IV. REFERENCE OF DISPUTES TO HIGH COURT .............................. 1004
CHAPTER 60
Infringement of Patents and Remedies ....................................1005
I. JURISDICTION .......................................................................... 1005
II. INFRINGEMENT OF PATENT ...................................................... 1006
III. BURDEN OF PROOF................................................................. 1011
IV. DECLARATION AS TO NON-INFRINGEMENT BY COURT ............... 1013
V. RELIEF IN CASES OF GROUNDLESS THREATS .............................. 1014
VI. DEFENCES IN SUITS FOR INFRINGEMENT ................................... 1015
VII. CERTAIN ACTS NOT TO BE CONSIDERED AS INFRINGEMENT ...... 1019
VIII. RELIEFS IN SUITS FOR INFRINGEMENT ....................................... 1020
IX. RIGHT OF EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE TO TAKE PROCEEDINGS
AGAINST INFRINGEMENT ..................................................... 1051
X. RIGHT OF LICENSEE (UNDER COMPULSORY LICENCE) TO
TAKE PROCEEDINGS AGAINST INFRINGEMENT ........................ 1052
XI. CERTIFICATE OF VALIDITY OF SPECIFICATION ............................ 1052
XII. COSTS OF SUITS FOR INFRINGEMENT AFTER
OBTAINING THE CERTIFICATE .............................................. 1052
XIII. RELIEF FOR INFRINGEMENT OF PARTIALLY VALID
SPECIFICATION .................................................................... 1053
XIV. APPOINTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC ADVISERS TO ASSIST
THE COURT ...................................................................... 1053
CHAPTER 61
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................1055
I. POWERS OF CONTROLLER ....................................................... 1055
II. APPEALS ................................................................................. 1060
III. PENALTIES .............................................................................. 1063
IV. PATENT AGENTS ..................................................................... 1065
V. INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS............................................... 1069
VI. AVOIDANCE OF RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONS IN
CONTRACT/LICENCE .......................................................... 1075
VII. UNLAWFUL CONDITION AS A DEFENCE IN INFRINGEMENT
PROCEEDINGS .................................................................... 1075
VIII. RESTRICTIONS UPON PUBLICATION OF SPECIFICATIONS ............... 1076
IX. REPORTS OF EXAMINERS TO BE CONFIDENTIAL ........................ 1076
X. POWER OF CONTROLLER TO CALL FOR INFORMATION
FROM PATENTEES ............................................................... 1076
XI. EVIDENCE OF ENTRIES, DOCUMENTS, ETC .............................. 1077
XII. TRANSMISSION OF ORDERS OF COURTS ................................... 1077
XIII. INFORMATION RELATING TO PATENTS ....................................... 1078
XIV. LOSS OR DESTRUCTION OF PATENTS ....................................... 1078
XV. PROTECTION OF SECURITY OF INDIA ........................................ 1079
PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMERS’ RIGHTS
CHAPTER 62
Introduction .............................................................................1083
I. OBJECTIVES OF THE PLANT VARIETIES ACT .............................. 1083
II. PLANT VARIETIES .................................................................... 1084
III. ADVANTAGES OF PLANT VARIETIES PROTECTION SYSTEM ........... 1085
IV. FARMERS’ RIGHTS, RESEARCHERS’ RIGHTS AND
PUBLIC INTEREST ............................................................... 1086
V. NATIONAL GENE FUND AND BENEFIT SHARING ......................... 1086
CHAPTER 63
Plant Varieties Authority and Registry ......................................1087
I. PLANT VARIETIES AUTHORITY .................................................. 1087
II. APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES ............................................... 1088
III. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTHORITY ............................... 1088
IV. PLANT VARIETY REGISTRY ........................................................ 1089
V. NATIONAL REGISTER OF PLANT VARIETIES ................................ 1090
VI. POWERS OF THE AUTHORITY AND REGISTRAR .......................... 1091
CHAPTER 64
Registration of Plant Varieties ..................................................1093
I. WHO CAN APPLY FOR REGISTRATION? ...................................... 1093
II. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION .............................................. 1094
III. CRITERIA FOR REGISTRATION OF A VARIETY ............................. 1094
IV. NON-REGISTRABLE VARIETY ..................................................... 1095
V. EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN VARIETIES .......................................... 1096
VI. COMPULSORY VARIETY DENOMINATION .................................... 1096
VII. FORM OF APPLICATION ............................................................ 1097
VIII. TEST TO BE CONDUCTED ...................................................... 1097
IX. ACCEPTANCE OF APPLICATION .................................................. 1099
X. ADVERTISEMENT OF APPLICATION ............................................ 1099
XI. GROUNDS OF OPPOSITION ...................................................... 1100
XII. REGISTRATION OF ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETY .................... 1101
CHAPTER 65
Effect of Registration and Benefit Sharing ...............................1103
I. REGISTRATION OF A VARIETY .................................................. 1103
II. TERM OF PROTECTION ........................................................... 1104
III. DETERMINATION OF BENEFIT SHARING ..................................... 1104
IV. DEPOSIT OF SEEDS IN NATIONAL GENE BANK ......................... 1106
V. RIGHTS OF BREEDER .............................................................. 1106
VI. REGISTRATION OF LICENSEE OR AGENT ................................... 1107
VII. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS ................................................... 1107
VIII. RIGHT OF A REGISTERED AGENT AND LICENSEE TO
INSTITUTE SUIT ................................................................. 1108
IX. CANCELLATION OF TERMS OF REGISTRATION ........................... 1108
X. EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN VARIETIES .......................................... 1109
XI. RESEARCHERS’ RIGHTS ............................................................ 1109
XII. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FROM CITIZENS OF
CONVENTION COUNTRIES ........................................................ 1110
XIII. RECIPROCITY .......................................................................... 1111
CHAPTER 66
Surrender, Revocation of Certificate and Rectification
of Register ..........................................................................1113
I. SURRENDER OF CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION ......................... 1113
II. REVOCATION OF PROTECTION ................................................. 1113
III. FORFEITURE OF REGISTRATION IN DEFAULT OF
PAYMENT OF ANNUAL FEE ................................................. 1114
IV. POWERS OF REGISTRAR TO CANCEL OR CHANGE
REGISTRATION AND RECTIFY THE REGISTER ........................ 1115
V. CORRECTION OF REGISTER ...................................................... 1115
VI. ALTERATION OF DENOMINATION OF A REGISTERED
VARIETY ............................................................................ 1116
CHAPTER 67
Farmers’ Rights .........................................................................1117
I. FARMERS’ RIGHTS ................................................................... 1117
II. USE OF GENETIC MATERIAL CONSERVED BY
TRIBAL FAMILIES ................................................................ 1118
III. RIGHTS OF COMMUNITIES ....................................................... 1118
IV. PROTECTION OF INNOCENT INFRINGEMENT .............................. 1119
V. AUTHORISATION OF FARMERS’ VARIETY .................................... 1119
VI. EXEMPTION FROM FEE ............................................................ 1120
VII. GENE FUND ........................................................................... 1120
VIII. FRAMING SCHEMES .................................................................. 1120
CHAPTER 68
Compulsory Licence .................................................................1123
I. APPLICATION FOR GRANT OF COMPULSORY LICENCE ................. 1123
II. ORDER FOR COMPULSORY LICENCE .......................................... 1124
III. ADJOURNMENT OF APPLICATION FOR GRANT OF
COMPULSORY LICENCE ........................................................ 1124
IV. DURATION OF COMPULSORY LICENCE ...................................... 1125
V. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF LICENCE .................................... 1125
VI. REVOCATION OF COMPULSORY LICENCE ................................... 1126
VII. MODIFICATION OF COMPULSORY LICENCE ................................ 1126
CHAPTER 69
Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal ...........................1127
I. COMPOSITION OF TRIBUNAL .................................................... 1127
II. APPEALS TO THE TRIBUNAL ..................................................... 1128
III. ORDERS OF TRIBUNAL ............................................................ 1128
IV. PROCEDURE OF THE TRIBUNAL ................................................ 1129
CHAPTER 70
Infringement, Offences and Penalties ......................................1131
I. INFRINGEMENT OF A REGISTERED VARIETY ............................... 1131
II. SUIT FOR INFRINGEMENT ......................................................... 1131
III. RELIEF IN SUIT FOR INFRINGEMENT ......................................... 1132
IV. OPINION OF SCIENTIFIC ADVISER ............................................. 1132
V. OFFENCES AND PENALTIES ...................................................... 1132
VI. NO OFFENCE IN CERTAIN CASES ............................................. 1135
VII. EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN PERSONS EMPLOYED IN
ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS ......................................... 1135
VIII. PROCEDURE WHERE INVALIDITY OF REGISTRATION
IS PLEADED ....................................................................... 1136
IX. OFFENCES BY COMPANIES........................................................ 1136
CHAPTER 71
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................1139
I. PROTECTION OF SECURITY OF INDIA ....................................... 1139
II. IMPLIED WARRANTY ON SALE OF REGISTERED VARIETY ............ 1139
III. DEATH OF PARTY TO A PROCEEDING ...................................... 1140
IV. EVIDENCE OF ENTRY IN REGISTER .......................................... 1140
V. AUTHORITY, REGISTRAR AND OTHER OFFICERS NOT
COMPELLABLE TO PRODUCTION OF REGISTER ..................... 1140
VI. DOCUMENT OPEN TO PUBLIC INSPECTION ............................... 1140
VII. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE AUTHORITY OR REGISTRAR ..................... 1141
VIII. PROTECTION OF ACTION TAKEN IN GOOD FAITH .................... 1141
IX. BAR OF JURISDICTION ............................................................. 1141
X. PLANT VARIETIES ACT TO HAVE OVERRIDING EFFECT ............... 1141
SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAYOUT-DESIGN
CHAPTER 72
Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design ..................1145
I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1145
II. REGISTER AND CONDITIONS OF REGISTRATION ........................ 1146
III. PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION ............................................... 1149
IV. EFFECT OF REGISTRATION ....................................................... 1154
V. ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSMISSION ............................................. 1157
VI. REGISTERED USERS OF LAYOUT-DESIGN ................................... 1158
VII. RECTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF THE REGISTER ................ 1161
VIII. LAYOUT-DESIGN APPELLATE BOARD .......................................... 1162
IX. OFFENCES, PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE ................................... 1167
X. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ................................................... 1170
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
CHAPTER 73
Confidential Information .........................................................1179
I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1179
II. JURISDICTIONAL BASES OF THE LAW OF CONFIDENCE ............... 1179
III. TRADE SECRET ....................................................................... 1182
IV. CONDITIONS FOR AN ACTION FOR BREACH OF CONFIDENCE .... 1184
V. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT.......................... 1187
VI. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND PATENT ............................... 1188
VII. REMEDIES .............................................................................. 1188
LICENSING OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
CHAPTER 74
Licensing of Intellectual Property Rights ..................................1193
I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1193
II. WHAT IS LICENSING? ............................................................... 1194
III. LICENSING—DIFFERENT FROM ASSIGNMENT ............................. 1194
IV. LICENSING CONTRACT ............................................................. 1194
V. ADVANTAGES FOR LICENSOR FROM LICENSING ........................... 1197
VI. ADVANTAGES FOR LICENSEE FROM LICENSING ........................... 1198
VII. ADVANTAGES OF LICENSING FOR NATION ................................. 1198
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS
CHAPTER 75
International Conventions on Intellectual Property Rights .....1203
PART I: WIPO CONVENTION ........................................................... 1203
PART II: TREATIES ON COPYRIGHT..................................................... 1205
PART III: TREATIES ON INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY .................................... 1212

Dr VK Ahuja holds a Ph D from the University of Delhi and M Phil from the Jawaharlal Nehru University. He did a certificate course in Law Teaching and Legal Research Skills from the Cardiff Law School, Cardiff University, United Kingdom, in 2004. He has been teaching at the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi for over a decade. Dr Ahuja has written extensively on the subject of Intellectual Property Rights. He has authored five books, including three LexisNexis Butterworths publications: Law Relating to Intellectual Property Rights; Halsbury’s Annotated Statutes of India, volume II; and Halsbury’s Annotated Statutes of India, volume V, as well as several articles which have been published in leading journals. He has been on the Editorial Board of Delhi Law Review and National Capital Law Journal. Dr Ahuja was honoured with an award at the Fifth South Asian Teaching Session on International Humanitarian Law and Refugee Law, organised jointly by the International Committee of the Red Cross, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and National Law School of India University, Bangalore in 2003. He is also a member of the Intellectual Property Rights Cell, University of Delhi.