DR. DURGA DAS BASU’S
COMMENTARY ON
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
EIGHTH EDITION, 2008
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4
PART V
THE UNION
General
1. The Theory of Separation of Powers 4272
(A) U.S.A. 4274
— What is the effect of separation of powers? 4276
— Exceptions to the doctrine. 4277
— To sum up 4279
(B) U.K. 4280
(C) Eire 4282
(D) Australia 4282
(E) Sri Lanka 4283
I. Legislative power 4284
II. Executive power 4284
III. Judicial power 4284
(E) India 4286
(i) Legislative Function 4289
(ii) Executive Function 4289
(iii) Judicial Function 4289
(a) Executive and Legislative Functions 4290
(b) Judicial and Legislative Func-tions 4290
— Public Policy 4291
— Taxation 4291
— Penalties 4291
— Interpretation of the Constitution and the laws 4292
— Application of law to particular cases 4292
— Judicial and Executive Functions 4293
— Ultra vires 4293
— Political Questions 4294
— Discretionary power 4295
— India 4296
— Basic features 4296
2. Power of the Legislature to override judicial decisions 4297
(A) U.S.A. 4297
(B) U.K. 4299
(C) Australia 4299
(D) India 4299
3. The Executive has no dispensing power 4301
— U.K. 4301
— U.S.A. 4301
— India. 4303
CHAPTER 1
THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice President
Art. 52. The President of India 4304
1. Other Constitutions 4304
(A) U.S.A. 4304
(B) Fifth French Republic 4309
(C) Eire 4311
(D) Japan 4312
2. India 4312
— Parliamentary and Presidential forms of Gov-ernment 4312
— U.S.A. 4312
— U.K. 4313
— India 4315
— Position of the President under the Indian Con-stitution 4317
— Analogous Provision 4325
Art. 53. Executive power of the Union 4325
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4326
(A) U.S.A. 4326
(B) Australia 4331
(C) Canada 4332
(D) Eire 4332
(E) Switzerland 4332
(F) Fifth French Republic 4333
(G) West Germany 4333
(H) Government of India Act., 1935 4334
2. India 4334
— Scope of Cl. (1): Executive Power of President 4334
— Extent of executive power of the Union 4334
— ‘Executive Power’ 4334
— By reason of Art. 298, post, it also includes 4337
— Whether exercise of executive power is depen-dent on prior legislation 4337
— Has the Executive any residuary power? 4339
(A) U.S.A. 4339
(B) England 4343
(C) France 4344
(D) India 4345
— ‘Shall be vested in the President’ 4349
— Heads of power vested in the President 4351
I. The Administrative Power 4351
II. The Military Power 4353
III. The Diplomatic Power 4353
IV. Legislative Power 4353
V. Rule-making Power 4354
VI. The Pardoning Power 4355
VII. Emergency Powers 4355
VIII. Miscellaneous Powers 4355
— Executive power to make Treaties and Interna-tional Agreements 4357
(A) U.K. 4357
(B) U.S.A. 4358
(C) India 4359
— ‘Directly’ 4363
— U.S.A. 4363
— India 4365
— U.K. 4366
— India 4367
— “Or through officers sub-ordinate to him” 4367
— “In accordance with this Constitution” 4368
— Whether powers vested in the President can be delegated 4369
— Samsher v. State of Punjab 4369
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4370
(A) England 4370
(B) U.S.A 4371
(C) Eire 4373
(D) Australia 4373
4. India 4373
— Scope of Cl. (2) : Supreme Command of the Defence Forces 4373
— “Shall be regulated by law” 4375
5. Clause (3) 4375
— Sub Cl. (a): Saving of existing laws 4375
— Sub.-Cl. (b): Conferment of executive functions by the Legislature 4375
6. Other Constitutions 4375
(A) U.S.A. 4375
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 4377
7. India 4378
— Power of Parliament as regards President’s functions 4378
— Statutory Corporation. 4378
Art. 54. Election of President 4383
1. Other Constitutions 4383
(A) U.S.A. 4383
(B) Eire 4384
(C) Fifth French Republic 4385
(D) West Germany 4385
2. India 4385
— Art. 54: Indirect Election of the President 4385
— Reasons for adopting Indirect Election for elec-tion of President 4385
— Cl. (b): Reasons why Members of State Assem-blies have been included in the Electoral Col-lege 4386
— How the Electoral College Works 4386
Art. 55. Manner of election of President 4387
1. Other Constitutions 4388
(A) U.S.A. 4388
(B) Eire 4388
(C) Fifth French Republic 4388
(D) West German Republic 4388
2. India 4388
3. Cls. (1) (2): Uniformity and weightage 4388
4. Cl. (1): ‘As far as practicable’ 4390
5. Clause (3) 4390
— How the Single Transferable Vote system works 4391
(A) Multi-member constituencies 4391
(a) Fixation of the quota 4391
(b) Voting by indicating preferences 4392
(c) Distribution of surplus 4392
(B) Presidential election 4396
— Decision of Election Disputes 4398
— Legislation by Parliament 4398
Art. 56. Term of Office of President 4399
1. Other Constitutions 4399
(A) U.S.A. 4399
(B) Eire 4400
(C) Fifth French Republic 4400
(D) West Germany 4400
2. India 4400
— Art. 56: Term of Office of President 4400
— Cl. (1). Proviso (a): Resignation 4401
— Proviso (b): Grounds for impeachment : ‘Violation of the Constitution’ 4401
(a) Treason 4402
(b) Bribery 4402
(c) Other High Crimes 4402
(d) High Misdemeanour 4402
— Procedure for impeachment 4403
— Proviso (c) : Continuance of President on expiry of term 4403
Art. 57. Eligibility for re-election 4404
1. Other Constitutions 4404
(A) U.S.A. 4404
(B) Eire 4404
(C) Fifth French Republic 4404
(D) West Germany 4404
2. India 4404
— Art. 57: Eligibility of President for re election 4404
Art. 58. Qualifications for election as President 4405
1. Other Constitutions 4406
(A) U.S.A. 4406
(B) Eire. 4406
(C) Fifth French Republic 4406
(D) West Germany 4406
2. India 4406
— Art. 58: Qualifications for election as President 4406
— Art. 58(1) and 71(3) 4407
— Cl. (1): “Is qualified for election as member of the House of the People” 4407
— Oath of Office 4409
— Cl. (2): Disqualification relating to ‘office of profit’ 4409
— Explanation. 4409
Art. 59. Conditions of President’s office 4409
1. Clauses (1) (2) 4410
2. Other Constitutions 4410
(A) U.S.A. 4410
(B) Eire 4410
(C) Fourth French Republic 4410
(D) Fifth French Republic 4410
(E) West Germany 4410
3. India 4411
4. Cl. (2): ‘Office of profit’ 4411
5. Clauses (3)-(4) 4412
6. Other Constitution 4412
(A) U.S.A 4412
(B) Eire 4412
(C) France, West Germany 4412
7. India 4412
— Cl. (3): Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges 4412
Art. 60. Oath or affirmation by the President 4413
1. Other Constitutions 4413
(A) U.S.A. 4413
(B) Eire 4413
(C) West Germany 4413
2. India 4413
— Art. 60: Object of Oath 4413
— Form of Oath 4414
Art. 61. Procedure for impeachment of the President 4414
1. Other Constitution 4415
(A) U.S.A. 4415
(B) Fourth French Republic 4417
(C) Fifth French Republic 4417
(D) West Germany 4417
(E) Eire 4417
2. India 4418
— Cl. (1) : Grounds for impeachment 4418
— Cl. (3) : Investigation of the charge 4419
— Cl. (4) : Effect of the charge of being sustained 4419
Art. 62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Presi-dent and the term of office of person elected to fill casual va-cancy 4420
1. Other Constitutions 4420
(A) Eire 4420
(B) Fifth French Republic 4420
(C) West Germany 4420
2. India 4420
— Clauses (1) (2) 4420
— Time limit mandatory 4421
— Cl. (2): ‘Otherwise’ 4421
Art. 63. The Vice-President of India 4422
1. Other Constitutions 4422
(A) U.S.A. 4422
(B) Eire 4422
2. India 4422
Art. 64. The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States 4422
1. Other Constitutions 4423
— U.S.A. 4423
2. India 4423
— Arts. 64-65: Functions of the Vice President 4423
Art. 65. The Vice President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence of President 4423
1. Other Constitutions 4424
(A) U.S.A. 4424
(B) Eire 4426
(C) Fifth French Republic 4426
(D) West Germany 4426
2. India 4426
— Cl. (1): Vacancy in office of President 4426
— ‘Otherwise’ 4427
— Cl. (2): Inability of President 4427
— ‘Unable to discharge his functions’ 4427
— Cl. (3). Powers and Privileges of Vice President acting as or discharging functions of President 4427
Art. 66. Election of Vice-President 4428
1. Other Constitutions 4429
— U.S.A . 4429
2. India 4429
— Amendment 4429
— Art. 66 : Election of Vice President 4430
— Cl. (4): ‘Office of profit’ 4430
Art. 67. Term of office of Vice President 4430
1. Other Constitutions 4430
— U.S.A. 4430
2. India 4431
— Art. 67 : Term of Vice President 4431
— ‘Agreed to by the House of the People’ 4431
— Prov. (c) 4432
Art. 68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy 4432
— Time of holding election to fill vacancy in office of Vice President 4432
Art. 69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President 4432
— Oath by the Vice President 4432
Art. 70. Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies 4433
1. Other Constitutions 4433
— U.S.A. 4433
2. India 4433
— Art. 70: Discharge of President’s Functions in ‘other contingencies’ 4433
Art. 71. Matter relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President 4434
1. Amendments. 4434
I. The Constitution (11th Amendment) Act, 1961 4434
II. The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975 4435
III. The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978 4435
2. Effects of the substitution of 1978 4435
3. Cl. (1): Decision of doubts and disputes relating to Pres-idential election 4435
— When the inquiry can be made 4436
— ‘Shall be decided’ 4436
4. Cl. (2): Effect of adverse decision as to election of sit-ting President 4437
5. Cl. (3): Legislative power 4437
— Legislation by Parliament 4437
6. Clause (4) 4438
— Arts. 71(3) and 58 4438
— Analogous Provision 4438
Art. 72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases 4439
1. Clause (1) 4440
2. Other Constitutions 4440
(A) U.S.A. 4440
(B) England 4442
(C) Eire 4444
(D) Fifth French Republic 4444
(E) West Germany 4444
(F) Japan 4444
(G) Government of India Act, 1935 4445
3. India 4445
— Art. 72: The Pardoning Power of President 4445
Extent of Pardoning Powers of President and Governor 4447
— President 4447
— Governor 4448
— Limitations upon the Pardoning Power 4449
(A) U.S.A. 4449
(B) England 4450
(C) Canada 4450
(D) Australia 4450
(E) India 4450
— Art. 42 4453
— Pardon and Dispensation 4454
— Pardon and Amnesty 4455
— ‘Punishment’ 4456
— ‘Offence’ 4456
— Analogous Provision 4456
— Contents of the Pardoning Power 4456
— Pardon 4456
— Effects of Pardon 4456
— Pardon during trial 4457
— Reprieve 4458
— Respite 4458
— Remission 4459
— Suspension 4459
— Commutation 4459
— Grounds in the U.K. 4460
— Exercise of the Power 4460
— Judicial review of exercise of President’s power 4461
— Sub clause(a) 4465
4. Clause (2) 4465
— Power conferred on other officers by the Army and Air Forces Acts 4465
5. Clause (3) 4465
— Power of Governor in cases of sentence of death 4465
— Arts. 32 and 72 4466
— Art. 72 and s. 433A of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 4466
Art. 73. Extent of executive power of the Union 4466
1. Other Constitutions 4467
(A) Australia 4467
(B) Canada 4468
(C) U.S.A. 4468
(D) Switzerland 4468
(E) West Germany 4468
(F) Government of India Act, 1935 4469
2. India 4469
— Art. 73: Extent of Executive power of the Union 4469
— ‘Subject to the provisions of the Constitution’ 4473
— ‘Executive power’ 4473
— Mutual delegation of Executive Functions 4474
— Legislative delegation of Union functions to State Governments 4474
— Statutory functions of Central Government re-lating to State Subjects 4475
— Whether specific legislation is required for the exercise of executive power relating to a partic-ular subject 4475
— Power to change executive order or policy 4477
— Enforceability of non statutory administrative rules or orders 4478
— Wider than prerogative powers in England 4479
— Cl. (1), Proviso: Execution of laws in the con-current Field 4479
— Instances of Executive functions reserved to the Central laws made by Parliament 4480
— Analogous Provision 4480
— Cl. (a): Continuance of State Power 4480
— Legislation by Parliament 4482
— Arts. 73 and 298 4482
Council of Ministers
Art. 74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President 4482
1. Amendments 4484
2. Clause (1) 4485
3. Other Constitutions 4485
(A) England 4485
— Choice of Prime Minister. 4486
— Dissolution of Parliament. 4487
(B) Canada 4490
(C) Australia 4491
(D) Eire 4492
(E) Fourth French Republic 4493
(F) Fifth French Republic 4493
(G) West Germany 4494
(H) Japan 4494
(I) Government of India Act, 1935 4495
(J) U.S.A. 4495
(K) Switzerland 4496
4. India 4496
— The role of conventions under the Constitution of India 4496
— Sanction behind conventions : Effect of codifi-cation 4498
— U. K. 4498
— How a convention is established 4498
— India. 4501
— Nigeria. 4502
— Principal British conventions relating to the Cabinet system and how far they have been adopted under the Constitution of India 4503
— Distinction between Political applicability and legal enforceability of convention. 4505
— India. 4506
— U.K. 4509
— India. 4509
— U.K. 4509
— India. 4510
— Interpretation. 4510
— Conventions which have not been adopted, or adopted only in a modified form. 4511
— U.K. 4511
— India. 4512
— U.K. 4513
— India. 4513
— Power to dismiss Ministry. 4514
— Points where the Indian Constitution is silent. 4516
— Dismissal of Ministers. 4520
— ‘Floor test’. 4520
— Individual responsibility of Ministers. 4521
— U.K. 4522
— Collective responsibility has four as-pects 4522
— What is meant by Collective Responsi-bility? 4523
— India. 4525
— Some conventions relating to the Cabinet sys-tem judicially acknowledged 4526
— ‘There shall be a Council of Ministers’ 4526
— Legal consequences. 4527
— Can a resigning Prime Minister be asked to continue in office? 4528
— Can there be a ‘caretaker Government’ under the Constitution of India? 4528
— ‘Shall act in accordance with such advice’ 4528
— No discretionary sphere 4530
— Role of the President that remains. 4532
— Are there any exceptional circumstances in which the President might have to exercise his individual judgment? 4534
— Art. 75(1) 4534
I. Choice of the Prime Minister 4534
— Art. 85(2)(b) 4536
II. Power of dissolution 4536
— U.K. 4536
— Dominions. 4539
— Australia. 4539
— Canada. 4539
— India. 4540
I. Intention of framers of the Constitution. 4540
II. Use of the power of mid-term dissolu-tion, prior to 1977. 4541
(a) President’s communique: 4541
(b) Prime Minister’s speech: 4541
III. Post-amendment uses of the power. 4542
IV. Supreme Court view prior to 1977. 4543
III. Constitutional requirement to act according to the advice of some other authority 4544
— Art. 103(2). 4544
— Art. 217(3). 4544
IV. The veto power 4545
— Art. 111. 4545
— U.K. 4545
— India. 4546
— Art. 200 4547
— Art. 155. 4548
V. Appointment of Governor 4548
— Art. 356. 4550
VI. Proclamation of failure of constitutional machi-nery in a State 4550
— Role of the President after the 1976–amendment of Art. 74(1) 4553
— What sanction, in case the President refuses to act in accordance with the Ministerial advice? 4554
— ‘Functions’ 4557
— Proviso 4559
— Arts. 74(1) and 163(1) 4559
5. Clause (2) 4561
6. Other Constitutions 4561
(A) England 4561
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 4562
7. India 4562
— Jurisdiction of Courts barred 4562
— U.K. 4563
— India. 4563
— Sanction against acting without advice. 4564
— Can the Court use Ministerial notings in any case? 4564
— Jyoti Prakash v. Chief Justice. 4565
— Union of India v. Jyoti Prakash. 4566
— State of Rajasthan v. Union of India 4567
— Art. 74(2) and Art. 352(3) 4568
— Art. 74(2) and 356(1) 4569
— Position and Functions of the Cabinet or Coun-cil of Ministers under the Parliamentary system 4570
— U.K. 4570
— India. 4578
— Essential Principles on which the Cabinet sys-tem works 4578
I. Exclusion of the head of the State. 4578
— U.K. 4578
II. Blending of the Executive and the Legislature 4579
— Cabinet System v. Presidential System. 4580
— U.K. 4583
III. Informality 4583
— India. 4584
IV. Homogeneity 4584
V. Secrecy 4585
VI. Ministerial Responsibility 4585
VII. Collective responsibility 4585
VIII. Ascendancy of the Prime Minister 4585
— Role of the Opposition under the Cabinet sys-tem 4586
— U.K. 4586
— India. 4588
— Should India discard the Parliamentary system for the Presidential system ? 4589
— How Cabinet deliberations take place in Eng-land and in India. 4591
(A) England 4591
(B) Canada 4592
— Cabinet prior to the meetings and decisions therein are supplied by the Secretariat to the Ministers. 4593
(C) India 4593
— Secrecy of Cabinet deliberations 4594
— U.K. 4594
— India. 4597
— Resigning Minister’s speech in Parliament 4599
— U.K. 4599
(A) Control of Cabinet by Parliament 4599
(a) Amendment to the King’s speech 4602
(b) Debate on vote for supply 4602
(c) Vote for want of confidence 4602
(B) Control of Parliament by Cabinet 4603
— India. 4606
— Relation between the council of ministers and the Party in power 4607
— Link between the Cabinet and Parliament 4607
— U.K. 4607
— India. 4608
— Arts. 73, 77 and 74(2) 4608
— Art. 74(2) and s. 123, Evidence Act 4609
— Arts. 74 and 77 4610
Art. 75. Other provision as to Ministers 4610
1. Clause (1) 4612
2. Other Constitutions 4612
(A) England 4612
(B) Canada 4616
(C) Eire 4617
(D) French Constitution of 1958 4618
(E) West Germany 4619
(F) Japan 4619
3. India 4621
— Appointment of Prime Minister 4621
— U.K. 4621
— India. 4622
— U.K. 4622
— India. 4623
— Can a Court interfere with the President’s power to appoint a Prime Minister? 4625
— U.K. 4625
— India. 4626
— Can the President appoint a Prime Minster con-ditionally ? 4631
— Appointment of other Ministers 4632
— U.K. 4632
— India 4633
— Qualifications for being appointed a Minister 4633
— Should a Minister or Prime Minister belong to the popular House, in particular? 4636
— U.K. 4636
— India. 4636
— Council of Ministers and the Cabinet 4637
— U.K. 4637
— Canada. 4639
— Australia. 4640
— India. 4640
— Position of Prime Minister in the Cabinet 4643
(A) England 4643
(B) Canada 4646
(C) India 4648
— Co-ordinating the policy of the Government. 4650
— Functions of the Prime Minister 4653
— U.K. 4653
— Primacy of the Prime Minister. 4654
— Practical limits to Prime Minister’s predomin-ance in Cabinet. 4656
— Effect of the death or resignation of the Prime Minister 4656
— U.K. 4656
— India. 4658
— Care-taker Government,—a misnomer. 4659
— The position of individual Ministers 4659
(A) England 4659
(B) India 4660
4. Clause (2) 4660
5. Other Constitutions 4660
(A) England 4660
(B) Australia 4663
(C) Canada 4663
(D) Eire 4664
(E) Fifth French Republic 4664
(F) West Germany 4664
(G) Japan 4664
(H) Ceylon 4665
(I) Government of India Act, 1935 4665
6. India 4665
— ‘Office during pleasure of the President’ 4665
— President’s power of dismissal 4667
I. The power to dismiss the Prime Minister 4667
(A) England 4667
(B) Colonies 4668
— S. Rhodesia. 4668
— W. Nigeria 4669
— Canada. 4669
(C) Dominions 4669
— Australia. 4670
(D) Eire 4670
(E) Japan 4670
(F) Fifth French Republic 4671
(G) Government of India Act, 1935 4671
(H) India 4671
— Malayasia. 4672
— India. 4673
II. The power to dismiss other Ministers indivi-dually 4675
— India. 4676
— U.K. 4677
— India. 4678
— Resignation by Ministers 4680
— Analogous provision 4681
7. Clause (3) 4681
8. Other Constitutions 4681
(A) England 4681
(B) Canada 4686
(C) Australia 4686
(D) Fifth French Republic 4687
(E) Eire 4688
(F) Japan 4688
(G) West Germany 4689
9. India 4689
— Cl. (3): Collective responsibility of Council of Ministers 4689
— How the collective responsibility is enforced by the House of the People 4689
I. Motion of no-confidence 4690
— U.K. 4690
— Eire. 4691
— France. 4691
— Japan. 4692
— India. 4692
— Motion of censure against a Minister individually 4693
— U.K. 4693
— India 4694
— Vicarious responsibility for acts of civil ser-vants. 4694
— Some occasions when a motion of no-confidence has been brought against a Council of Ministers 4696
II. Vote of confidence 4697
— Eire, Japan, W. Germany. 4697
— U.K. 4697
— India 4697
III. Amendment to the opening Speech in Parlia-ment 4698
— U.K. 4698
— India. 4699
IV. Reduction of vote in supply 4699
— U.K. 4699
— India. 4699
V. Motion for adjournment on a matter of urgent public importance 4699
— U.K. 4699
— India. 4699
— When a ministry is not bound to resign on ad-verse vote 4700
— Duty to carry on after resignation 4702
— U.K. 4702
— Eire. 4702
— Japan. 4702
— India. 4703
— Cls. (1) and (3): Is there any moment when the responsibility of the ministry to the House is not apparent or effective ? 4703
— Is a resigning Prime Minister entitled to advise dissolution ? 4706
— U.K. 4706
— India. 4709
— Can there be a ‘care-taker Government’ under the Constitution of India? 4711
10. Clause (4) 4714
— Oath of Secrecy 4714
11. Clause (5) 4716
12. Other Constitutions 4716
(A) England 4716
(B) Australia 4717
(C) Canada 4717
(D) Eire 4717
(E) Fifth French Republic 4717
(F) West Germany 4717
(G) Government of India Act 1935 4717
13. India 4717
— Minister’s Membership of Parliament 4717
14. Clause (6) 4719
15. Other Constitutions 4719
— England 4719
16. India 4719
— Salaries of Ministers 4719
— Legislation by Parliament 4719
— Analogous Provision 4719
The Attorney-General for India
Art. 76. Attorney-General for India 4720
1. Other Constitutions 4720
(A) England 4720
(B) U.S.A. 4723
(C) Australia 4723
(D) Canada 4723
(E) Eire 4724
(F) Government of India Act, 1935 4725
2. India 4725
— Source of Art. 76 4725
— History of the office of Advocate-General in India 4725
— Cl. (1) : Qualifications for being Attorney-General 4728
— Cl. (2) : Duties of the Attorney-General 4728
— Other functions of the Attorney-General under the Constitution 4731
— Other functions under ordinary law 4732
— Cl. (4) : Tenure of the Attorney-General 4732
— Solicitor-General and Additional Solicitor-General 4733
— Analogous Provisions 4733
Conduct of Government Business
Art. 77. Conduct of business of the Government of India 4733
1. Clauses (1)-(2)—Other Constitutions 4735
(A) England 4735
(B) West Germany 4736
(C) Fifth French Republic 4737
(D) Japan 4737
(E) Government of India Act, 1935 4737
2. India 4737
— Cl. (1) : Formality for expression of Executive Action 4737
— ‘Executive Action’ 4738
— Cl. (1): ‘Executive action of the Government of India’ 4739
— Whether the validity of executive action de-pends upon prior legislation 4743
— Cl. (2) : Authentication of President’s Orders, etc. 4743
— ‘Orders and other instruments’ 4744
— ‘In such manner as may he specified’ 4744
— Bar to judicial inquiry : Effect of authentication 4745
— When the plea as to non-compliance with Art. 77 is to be raised 4747
— Effects of non-conformity with Cls. (1) and (2) 4747
— How an order may be proved 4749
— When does it become an order of the Govern-ment 4749
— Legal responsibility of Individual Ministers 4750
— U.K. 4750
— Statutory functions of Ministers 4753
— U.K. 4753
— India 4753
3. Clause (3)—Other Constitutions 4754
(A) England 4754
(B) Japan 4754
(C) West Germany 4754
(D) Fifth French Republic 4755
4. India 4755
— Scope of Cl. (3) : Allocation of business 4755
— Rules of Business 4756
— Rules of Business and Standing Orders 4757
— ‘Business of the Government of India’ 4759
— Statutory functions of the President 4760
— Allocation of business among Ministers 4762
— Rules and Orders made by the President 4762
— Evidence as to Rules of Business 4763
— Effect of Breach of Rules of Business 4763
— Analogous Provisions 4764
Art. 78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. 4764
1. Other Constitutions 4765
(A) England 4765
(B) Fourth French Republic 4765
(C) Fifth French Republic 4765
2. India 4766
— Cls. (a)-(b) : President’s right of information 4766
3. Clause (c)— Other Constitutions 4767
— England 4767
4. India 4767
— President’s power to refer questions for collec-tive deliberation 4767
— Analogous Provision 4768
— Arts. 75(3) and 78(c) 4768
CHAPTER II
PARLIAMENT
General
1. Functions of a Parliament under the Parliamentary sys-tem of government 4769
I. Providing the Cabinet. 4771
II. Control of the Cabinet 4771
III. Criticism of the Cabinet and of individual Mi-nisters 4772
IV. An organ of information 4773
V. A medium of public opinion 4773
VI. Legislation 4773
VII. Financial control 4774
VIII. Control over subordinate legislation 4775
IX. Control over nationalised industries and under-takings 4776
3. The judicial function of Parliament 4777
— India 4778
4. Emergency powers of the Indian Parliament 4779
A. National Emergency (declared by Proclamation under Art. 352) 4779
B. Constitution failure in a State. 4780
5. Functions of the Opposition in Parliamentary Govern-ment. 4781
— U.K. 4781
— Canada. 4784
— India 4784
6. Official recognition of the Opposition 4785
— U.K. 4785
— India 4785
7. Sovereignty of Parliament and Constitutional limitations 4786
8. A written Constitution imposes limitations upon Parlia-mentary sovereignty. 4790
— Canada 4790
9. India under Government of India Acts 4790
10. India under the Constitution 4790
11. Can Parliament amend the ‘basic structure’? 4794
— U.S.A. 4798
— U.K. 4799
— Australia 4800
— India 4800
12. Parliament and the Electorate 4803
— U.K. 4803
— India. 4804
13. Parliament and the Party System 4805
— U.K. 4805
— India. 4806
14. The constituent power of Parliament 4807
— U.K. 4807
— India 4807
Art. 79. Constitution of Parliament 4808
1. Other Constitutions 4809
(A) England 4809
(B) U.S.A. 4811
(C) Australia 4812
(D) Canada 4813
(E) Eire 4813
(F) Fifth French Republic 4813
(G) West Germany 4813
(H) Japan 4813
2. India 4813
— Art. 79 : Constitution of Parliament 4813
— Hindi names 4815
— Composition of the Council of States 4815
— Composition of the House of the people 4815
— Duration of the Council of States 4815
— Duration of the House of the People 4815
— Sessions of Parliament, prorogation, dissolution 4815
— Procedure for passing Bills other than Money Bills 4815
— Joint Sitting in case of disagreement between two Houses 4815
— Procedure relating to Money Bills 4815
— Financial Bills 4815
— Date of passing of an Act 4815
— Proof of assent of the President 4816
— When does an Act come into operation 4816
— No effect to be given to a Bill before it becomes an Act and is brought into force 4816
— Can the Courts inquire into the irregularity of procedure in Parliament? 4816
— Analogous Provision 4816
Art. 80. Composition of the Council of States 4816
1. Amendment 4817
2. Effects of Amendment 4817
3. Other Constitutions 4817
(A) U.S.A. 4817
(B) England 4819
(C) Australia 4824
(D) Canada 4825
(E) Fifth French Republic 4827
(F) Eire 4827
(G) West Germany 4829
(H) Japan 4829
4. India 4831
— Art. 80 : Composition of the Council of States 4831
(a) Nomination 4831
(b) Representation of States 4831
(c) Representation of Union Territories 4832
— Cl. (1)(a) : Jurisdiction of Court to interfere with nomination 4833
— Cl. (4) : Proportional Representation by means of the single transferable vote 4833
— Cl. (5) : Election of representatives of the Union Territories 4834
— Utility of a Second Chamber in a Modern De-mocracy 4834
— Constitutional position of our Council of States as compared with that of the House of the People 4839
— Relation between the two Houses in practice 4841
— Federal role of the Council of States and the American Senate 4843
— Analogous Provision 4844
Art. 81. Composition of the House of the People 4845
1. Amendments 4846
2. Effects of Amendments 4847
3. Amendment relating to Jammu & Kashmir 4847
4. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4848
(A) U.S.A. 4848
(B) England 4848
(C) Canada 4848
(D) Australia 4849
(E) Eire 4849
(F) Fifth French Republic 4849
(G) West Germany 4849
(H) Japan 4850
5. India 4850
— Cl. (1) : Allocation of seats 4850
— ‘Subject to the provisions of Art. 331’ 4852
— Sub. cl. (a): Territorial Constituencies 4852
— ‘Direct election’ 4852
— Special provision for Jammu and Kashmir 4853
— Sub—cl. (b) : Representation of Union Territo-ries 4853
— Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 4853
— Qualifications for being voter 4853
— Qualifications and disqualifications for mem-bership 4854
— Decision on questions as to disqualification for membership 4854
— Decision as to validity of election 4854
— Resignation of membership 4854
— Vacation of seat of member 4854
— Cl. (2) : Uniformity of representation 4854
Art. 82. Re-adjustment after each census 4855
1. Amendments 4856
2. Other Constitutions 4856
(A) U.S.A. 4856
(B) Canada 4857
(C) Eire 4857
3. India 4857
— Scope of Art. 82 : Readjustment of Representa-tion 4857
— Territorial Constituencies 4858
— Legislation by Parliament 4858
— Arts. 82 and 327 4858
Art. 83. Duration of Houses of Parliament 4859
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4859
(A) U.S.A. 4859
(B) Australia 4860
(C) West Germany 4860
(D) Fifth French Republic 4860
(E) Canada 4860
(F) Japan 4860
(G) Ceylon 4860
(H) Government of India Act, 1935 4861
2. India 4861
— Cl. Periodical retirement of members of Council of States 4861
— Legislation by Parliament 4861
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4862
(A) U.S.A 4862
(B) England. 4862
(C) Australia 4862
(D) Canada 4862
(E) Fifth French Republic 4863
(F) West Germany 4863
(H) Government of India Act, 1935 4863
4. India 4863
— Cl. (2) : Duration of House of the People 4863
— ‘Year’. ‘Month’ 4863
— ‘First Meeting of the House 4863
— The Proviso : Extension of Duration of House of the People during Emergency 4863
— Instances of exercise of the power conferred by the Proviso 4864
— ‘Session’ 4864
— ‘Sitting’ 4864
— ‘Adjournment’, ‘prorogation’, ‘dissolution’ 4864
Art. 84. Qualification for membership of Parliament 4864
1. Amendment 4865
2. Clauses (a)-(b)—Other Constitutions 4866
(A) England 4866
(B) Canada 4867
(C) U.S.A. 4867
(D) Australia 4867
(E) Eire 4868
(F) Japan 4868
(G) Ceylon 4868
3. India 4868
— Arts. 84, 102, 327 4868
— Qualifications for membership of Parliament 4869
— ‘Qualified to be chosen………’ 4870
— Cl. (a) : ‘A citizen of India’ 4871
— ‘Oath or affirmation’ 4871
— Cl. (b) : Age qualification 4872
— Effect of contravention 4872
4. Clause (c)—Other Constitutions 4873
— U.S.A. 4873
5. India 4873
— Cl. (c) : Additional qualifications by legislation 4873
— Disqualifications for membership 4874
— Qualifications for membership summarised 4874
— Effect of Court decision in appeal against con-viction 4875
— Analogous Provisions 4876
— Members of Parliament 4876
— Qualifications for becoming a member 4876
— Disqualifications for membership 4876
— Election or nomination 4876
— Summoning and seating 4876
— Salaries and allowances of Members 4877
— Attendance of Members 4877
— Prohibition of simultaneous membership of more than one House 4877
— Vacation of seats 4877
— Prohibition against holding an ‘office of profit’ 4877
— Immunities and Privileges 4877
— Legislative independence of Members 4877
— U. K. 4877
— West Germany 4878
— India 4879
— West Germany 4880
Art. 85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution 4880
1. Amendment 4881
2. Effects of Amendment 4881
3. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4881
(A) U.S.A. 4881
(B) England 4882
(C) Australia 4883
(D) Canada 4883
(E) Eire 4883
(F) Fifth French Republic 4883
(G) West Germany 4883
(H) Japan 4884
(I) Government of India Act, 1935 4884
4. India 4884
— Cl. (1). Summoning of the Houses 4884
— ‘The President shall’ 4885
— President to act on advice of Council of Minis-ters 4886
— Whether the power is subject to judicial interfe-rence 4886
— Presidential Order for summoning, prorogation and dissolution 4887
— Summons to members 4888
5. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4888
(A) U.S.A. 4888
(B) England 4889
(C) Australia 4889
(D) Canada 4889
(E) Eire 4890
(F) Fifth French Republic 4890
(G) Japan 4890
(H) Government of India Act, 1935 4891
6. India 4891
— Cl. (2) : President’s power of prorogation and dissolution 4891
— ‘Session’, ‘Recess’, ‘Sitting’ 4892
— Joint sitting 4894
— Adjournment, Prorogation, dissolution 4894
— Cl. (2)(a): Prorogation 4897
— Prorogation and Ordinance-making 4897
— Cl. (2)(h) : Dissolution of the House of the People 4897
— Mid-term dissolution 4897
— How the President is to exercise his power of dissolution 4898
— Effects of Prorogation or Dissolution on pend-ing business 4900
— Effects of Prorogation or Dissolution upon mi-nisterial responsibility 4900
— Can an order of prorogation or dissolution be challenged on the ground of mala fides? 4901
Art. 86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses 4902
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4902
(A) England 4902
(B) U.S.A. 4903
(C) Government of India Act, 1935 4903
2. India 4903
— Cl. (1) : President’s right of address 4903
— Time-limit for discussion 4904
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4904
(A) U.S.A. 4904
(B) England 4905
(C) Fifth French Republic 4905
(D) Eire 4905
(E) Government of India Act. 1935 4905
4. India 4906
— Cl. (2): President’s right to send messages to Parliament 4906
— Procedure in Parliament on receipt of the mes-sage 4906
— Communications between President and Par-liament 4907
— Analogous Provisions 4907
— Arts. 85-86 4907
Art. 87. Special address by the President 4907
1. Amendment 4908
2. Effects of Amendment 4908
3. Other Constitutions 4909
(A) England 4909
(B) Canada 4909
(C) U.S.A. 4909
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 4909
4. India 4910
— Cl (1): The Opening Address 4910
— ‘Causes of summons’ 4910
— ‘At the commencement of the first session’ 4910
— Can the President delegate his function? 4911
— Clause (2) 4912
— Rules of Procedure 4912
— Form of motion of thanks and amendments 4913
— ‘Discussion of the matters referred to in such address’ 4913
— Control over the House which is addressed by the President 4915
— Effect of failure of the President to deliver the Opening Address 4916
Art. 88. Right of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses 4917
1. Other Constitutions 4918
(A) England 4918
(B) Eire 4918
(C) Fifth French Republic 4918
(D) Japan 4918
(E) Government of India Act, 1935 4919
2. India 4919
— Art. 88: Right of Ministers and Attorney-General to speak in either House or Committee thereof 4919
— ‘But shall not . . . . be entitled to vote’ 4920
Officers of Parliament
Art. 89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States 4920
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4920
(A) U.S.A. 4920
(B) England 4921
(C) Canada 4921
(D) Australia 4921
(E) Fifth French Republic 4921
(F) West Germany 4921
(G) Japan 4922
2. India 4922
— Cl. (1) : Chairman of the Council of States 4922
— Functions of the Chairman 4922
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4922
(A) U.S.A. 4922
(B) England 4922
(C) Australia 4923
4. India 4923
— Cl. (2) . Deputy Chairman 4923
— Panel of Deputy Chairman 4923
— Functions of Deputy Chairman 4923
— Vacation, resignation and removal of Deputy Chairman 4923
— Salaries and allowances of Deputy Chairman 4923
— Analogous Provisions 4924
Art. 90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from the office of Deputy Chairman 4924
1. Cl. (c) : Resolution for removal of Deputy Chairman 4924
2. Analogous Provision. 4924
Art. 91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties on the office of, or to act as Chairman 2925
1. Clause (1) 4925
— Functions of the Deputy Chairman 4925
— ‘Performing the duties of the office of Chair-man’ 4926
2. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4926
— England 4926
3. India 4926
— Cl. (2): Panel of Vice-Chairmen 4926
Art. 92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration 4927
1. Art. 92 : Chairmanship when resolution for removal under consideration 4927
2. Analogous Provision 4927
Art. 93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People 4927
1. Other Constitutions 4928
(A) England 4928
(B) U.S.A. 4932
(C) Canada 4932
(D) Australia 4933
(E) Fifth French Republic 4933
(F) Japan 4933
(G) Government of India Act, 1935 4933
2. India 4933
— What are the qualities required of a Speaker ? 4933
— What is the meaning of the expression “Speak-er” ? 4934
— Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker 4933
— ‘Two Members’ 4935
— ‘Another member’ 4935
— Status of the Speaker 4935
— Functions of the Chairman of the Council of States and of the Speaker of the House of the People 4936
— Power of the Speaker (or Chairman) to adjourn a sitting of the House (or the Council) 4939
— Can a Court interfere with the power of the Speaker regarding adjournment? 4939
— Some special powers of the Speaker 4940
— Speaker’s powers as to matters of Privilege 4940
— Constitutionality of Bill 4941
— Conduct of members while the Chair rises 4941
— U.K. 4941
— Decision of the Chair not to be ques-tioned expect on a substantive motion 4941
— India 4942
— How the dignity and independence of the Speaker is secured 4942
— U.K. and India 4942
— Impartiality of the Speaker 4942
— U.K. 4942
— India 4944
— Power of the Speaker under the 10th Schedule 4946
— Power of the Court to punish a Speaker for contempt 4946
— Analogous Provision 4947
Art. 94. Vacation and resignation of and removal from the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker 4948
1. Other Constitutions 4948
(A) England 4948
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 4949
2. India 4949
— Scope of Art. 94 4949
— ‘A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker’ 4949
— Clause (a) 4949
— Clause (b) 4949
— Clause (c) 4950
— Procedure for removal of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker 4950
— Proviso 2 4952
— Analogous Provisions 4952
Art. 95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as Speaker 4952
1. Other Constitutions 4952
— Government of India Act, 1935 4952
2. India 4952
— Clauses (1) and (2) 4952
— Deputy Speaker’s functions 4953
— Provision for temporary vacancy in the offices of and temporary absence of Speaker and Deputy Speaker : Panel of Chairmen 4954
— Analogous Provision.. 4955
Art. 96. The Speaker or Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolu-tion for his removal from office is under consideration 4955
1. Status of the Speaker when motion for his removal is under consideration 4956
2. Analogous Provision 4957
Art. 97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chair-man and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker 4957
1. Other Constitutions 4957
(A) England 4957
(B) U.S.A. 4957
2. India 4957
— Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parlia-ment 4957
— Analogous Provision 4958
Art. 98. Secretariat of Parliament 4958
1. Other Constitutions 4958
— England 4958
2. India 4958
— Functions of the Secretary 4958
(A) England 4959
(B) India 4960
— Cl. (1): ‘Separate Secretarial staff’ 4962
— Cl. (2): ‘Conditions of service of the Secretarial staff’ 4962
— Cl. (3): Rules relating to the Secretarial staff 4962
— Art. 309 not applicable 4963
Art. 99. Oath or affirmation by members 4963
1. Scope 4963
2. Other Constitutions 4963
— England 4963
3. India 4964
— Art. 99 : ‘Before taking his seat’ 4964
— DIR (1) Oath of Affirmation 4964
— Penalty for not taking oath 4965
— Form of oath or affirmation 4965
— Analogous Provision 4965
Art. 100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum 4965
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4966
(A) England 4966
(B) Canada 4967
(C) Australia 4968
(D) Fifth French Republic 4968
(E) West Germany 4968
(F) Japan 4968
(G) Government of India Act, 1935 4968
2. India 4968
— Cl. (1) : Decision by majority of votes 4968
— ‘Save as otherwise provided’ 4969
— ‘Other than the Speaker or person acting as Chairman or Speaker’ 4969
— How a question is determined 4969
— Division by automatic vote recorder. 4970
— Division by distribution of ‘Aye’ and ‘No’ slips. 4970
— Speaker’s and Chairman’s casting vote 4971
— Speaker’s vote, whether available on vote of no-confidence. 4972
— Restrictions upon the right to vote 4974
— Analogous Provision 4975
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 4975
— Government of India Act, 1935 4975
4. India 4976
— Scope of Cl. (2) . Proceedings when not to be invalid 4976
5. Clauses (3-4)—Other Constitutions 4976
(A) England 4976
(B) U.S.A. 4976
(C) Australia 4976
(D) Canada 4976
(E) Japan 4977
(F) Government of India Act, 1935 4977
6. India 4977
— Cls. (3)-(4) : Absence of Quorum 4977
— Quorum during ‘lunch hour’ 4978
— Analogous Provision 4978
Disqualifications of Members
Art. 101. Vacation of seats 4978
1. Amendment 4979
2. Scope of Art. 101 4980
3. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4980
(A) England 4980
(B) Australia 4981
(C) Canada 4981
(D) Eire 4981
(E) Japan 4981
(F) French Republic 4981
(G) Government of India Act 1935 4981
4. India 4981
— Double Membership in Parliament 4981
— Simultaneous Membership of Parliament and State Legislature 4982
— Multiple elections to the same House 4983
5. Clause (3)—Other Constitutions 4983
(A) England 4983
(B) U.S.A. 4983
(C) Australia 4983
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 4984
6. India 4984
— Vacation of seat by a member 4984
— Sub-cl. (a): Post-election disqualification 4985
— Pre-election disqualification 4986
— Sub-cl. (b) : Resignation 4986
— Procedure 4988
— Changes made in 1974 4989
— Proviso : Inquiry for acceptance 4990
7. Clause (4)—Other Constitutions 4991
(A) England 4991
(B) Australia 4991
(C) Government of India Act, 1935 4991
8. India 4991
— Cl. (4) : Vacation by absence 4991
— Procedure relating to permission to remain ab-sent 4992
— Register of attendance 4993
— Absence from meetings of a Committee 4993
Art. 102. Disqualifications for membership 4993
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 4994
(A) England 4994
I. House of Lords 4994
II. House of Commons 4995
(B) U.S.A. 4996
(C) Australia 4997
(D) Fifth French Republic 4997
(E) Government of India Act, 1935 4997
2. India 4998
— Disqualifications for membership 4998
— ‘Chosen’ 4998
— Sub-Cl. (a) ‘Office of profit’ 4998
— Principle underlying the disqualification 5000
— ‘Office’ 5001
— ‘Profit’ 5002
— ‘Office under the Government’ 5005
— Office under statutory corporation 5009
(A) England 5009
(B) India 5010
— The office must be actually held by the person 5012
— Statutory Exceptions in India: ‘other than an office declared..........’ 5012
— Arts. 102 (1)(a), 58(2) and 66(4) 5016
— Sub-cl. (d): Loss of citizenship 5017
— Sub-cl. (e): Additional statutory disqualifica-tions 5017
— ‘By or under any law made by Parliament’ 5018
— Particular Grounds of Disqualification 5018
— Contracts with Government 5019
— Office of profit under corporation in which Government has interest 5019
— Service under the Government of India or the Government of a State 5019
— Dismissal from Government service in certain cases 5019
— Preventive detention 5020
— Sanction behind the Disqualifications 5020
— Removal of statutory disqualifications by Elec-tion Commission 5021
3. Explanation 5021
— Office of Ministers 5021
— Determination of the question of subsequent disqualification 5021
— Determination of election dispute 5021
4. Clause (2) 5021
Art. 103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members 5022
1. Amendments 5023
2. Other Constitutions 5023
(A) England 5023
(B) U.S.A. 5024
(C) Japan 5024
(D) West Germany 5024
(E) France 5024
(F) Australia 5024
(G) Canada 5025
3. India 5025
— Scope 5025
— Art. 103: Decision of disputes as to disqualification of members 5025
— Cl. (1) Question as to disqualification 5025
— ‘Has become’ 5026
— Cl. (2): Opinion of the Election Commission 5026
— Analogous Provision 5027
Art. 104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirma-tion under Article 99 or when not qualified or when disquali-fied 5027
1. Other Constitutions 5028
(A) England 5028
(B) Australia 5028
(C) Government of India Act, 1935 5028
2. India 5029
— Art. 104: Penalty for sitting or voting by disqualified person 5029
— ‘Not qualified or disqualified’ 5029
— ‘Prohibited by any law’ 5030
— “To be recovered as a debt due to the Union’ 5030
— Other consequences 5030
— Analogous Provision. 5030
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
Art. 105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parlia¬ment and of the members and committees thereof 5030
1. Amendments 5033
— Parliamentary Privileges—its Scope and Nature 5034
2. Clauses (1)-(2) 5036
3. Other Constitutions 5036
(A) England. 5036
— Freedom of speech 5036
— The Right to publish Debates and Pro-ceedings and the Right to restrain pub-lication by others. 5040
(B) U.S.A. 5042
(C) Australia 5044
(D) Canada 5044
(E) Eire 5044
(F) Fourth French Republic 5045
(G) Fifth French Republic 5045
(H) West Germany 5045
(I) Japan 5045
(J) Government of India Act, 1935 5045
4. India 5045
— Need for Privileges of Parliament 5045
— Breach of Privilege 5048
— Sources of Parliamentary privileges in India 5049
— Scope of Cls. (1)-(2): Freedom of Speech and Publication 5052
5. Clause (1) 5052
— Scope of Cl. (1) 5052
— Freedom of Speech in Parliament 5053
— Arts. 19(1) and 105(1) 5054
— Limitations upon the Freedom of Speech in Parliament: ‘Subject to....the Constitution’ 5059
— Speech in one Legislature casting aspersions on another Legislature 5061
6. Clause (2) 5061
— Cl. (2): Immunity from legal action 5061
— Extent of the immunity 5062
— “Anything said” 5062
— ‘Proceedings’ 5064
— Arts. 105(1) (2) and 121 5067
— Whether the immunity extends to letters written by Members to ministers on public affairs in course of discharge of members’ duties 5067
(A) England 5067
(B) India 5068
— Disclosure of Official Secrets 5068
(A) England 5068
(B) India 5069
— Right to publish 5069
— Art. 361A: Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislature. 5072
— ‘Proceedings’ 5081
— Publication of expunged proceedings 5081
— Sharma v. Sri Krishna: a critique 5082
— Other restriction upon members’ right to publish 5084
— ‘Publication by or under authority of either House’ 5084
— Analogous Provision 5085
7. Clause (3) 5086
8. Other Constitutions 5086
(A) England 5086
(I) Privileges of members individually 5086
(i) Freedom from Arres 5086
(ii) Exemption from service as juror 5089
(iii) Exemption from attendance as witness 5089
(II) Privileges of the house collectively 5089
(i) The right to exclude strangers 5089
(ii) Right to prohibit publication 5090
(iii) Right to regulate its internal affairs, and to decide matters arising within its walls 5091
(iv) The right to punish for parliamentary misbehavior 5094
(v) The right to punish member and out-sides for breach of its privileges 5094
(B) U.S.A. 5096
(C) Australia 5098
(D) Canada 5098
(E) Fifth French Republic 5099
(F) Japan 5099
(G) Government of India Act, 1935 5099
9. India 5100
— Cl. (3): Privileges in other respects: Relevancy of the British law 5100
— ‘Defined by Parliament by law’ 5101
— ‘Until so defined’ 5102
— ‘At the commencement of this Constitution’ 5105
— Privileges of the Legislature and Fundamental Rights 5107
— Scope of the immunity from arrest in India 5111
— Censorship of Members correspondence by mail or telephone 5113
— No immunity from arrest under law of preven-tive detention 5113
— Communication to Speaker of arrest, detention and release of a Member 5114
— Limits of the Privileges of Members in the mat-ter off arrest 5116
— Rights of Member under imprisonment or de-tention 5117
— U.K. 5117
— India. 5117
— Immunity from Service of Process and Arrest within the House and precincts 5118
(A) England 5118
(B) India 5119
— Production of Evidence in the possession of the House 5120
(A) England 5120
(B) U.S.A. 5120
(C) India. 5120
— Right to exclude strangers 5121
— Publication of Parliamentary Proceedings in newspaper and by means of broadcasting 5123
— Contempt of Parliament 5123
— Breach of Privilege and Contempt 5123
— The power to punish for contempt 5124
(A) England 5124
(B) U.S.A. 5126
(C) Colonial Legislatures 5127
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 5127
(E) India 5127
— General considerations to guide the Legislature with respect to breach of Privilege 5127
— What constitutes contempt of Parliament 5128
(A) England 5128
— Contempt of the House itself 5129
— Constructive Contempts. 5131
— Disclosure of secret sitting of the House 5133
(A) England 5133
(B) India 5133
— Giving evidence as to proceedings in the House 5133
— Some matters held not to Constitute Contempt 5134
— Disclosure of Budget Proposals 5134
— Statement by Minister outside the House while House is in session 5134
— Incorrect statement made by a Minister 5134
— Publication of Constituent’s letter to Member 5135
— Contempt of a Committee of the House 5135
— Contempt in relation to the Speaker 5136
— Contempt in relation to a Member 5137
— Whether institution of legal proceedings against Member in respect of anything said in Parlia-ment constitutes contempt or breach of privilege 5139
(A) England 5139
(B) India 5141
— Misconduct of Member 5142
— Contempt by, and relating to, witnesses 5145
— Contempt by, and relating to, an officer of the House 5146
— Contempt by a stranger 5148
(A) England 5148
(B) U.S.A. 5149
(C) India 5150
— Parliamentary Privilege and the Courts 5151
(A) England 5151
(B) U.S.A. 5154
(C) Australia 5154
(C) India. 5155
— Is the Legislature or its officers subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts? 5159
— Can the Legislature proceed against Judges for contempt? 5161
— U.K. 5161
— India. 5161
— Can interim bail be granted in cases of arrest and detention under warrant of a Legislature ? 5166
(A) England 5166
(B) India 5166
— Whether the privileges should be codified 5166
— Procedure Relating to Breach of Privilege 5169
— Question of Privilege as between the two Hous-es 5173
(A) England 5173
(B) India 5173
— Attendance of Members as witnesses before another House or Committee thereof 5174
— Effects of Prorogation and Dissolution on pro-ceedings for contempt 5175
— Punishment for a contempt of Parliament 5175
(A) England. 5175
(B) India. 5177
(a) Admonition 5177
(b) Reprimand 5177
(C) U.K. 5178
— Imprisonment 5178
— Australia. 5179
— India. 5179
B. In State Legislatures: 5179
(a) Rajasthan 5179
(b) Madhya Pradesh 5179
(c) Mysore 5179
(d) Tamil Nadu 5179
(e) Exclusion from the Press Gal-lery 5179
(a) Suspension. 5180
(b) Expulsion. 5182
— Analogous Provision 5183
10. Clause (4) 5183
— Extension of privileges to persons who are not members 5183
Art. 106. Salaries and allowances of members 5183
1. Other Constitutions 5183
(A) England 5183
(B) U.S.A. 5184
(C) Canada 5184
(D) Australia 5184
(E) France 5184
2. India 5185
— Salaries and allowances of members of Parlia-ment 5185
Legislative Procedure
Art. 107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills 5185
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 5187
(A) England 5187
(B) U.S.A. 5190
(C) Australia 5190
(D) Canada 5193
(E) Eire 5193
(F) Fifth French Republic 5193
(G) Japan 5194
(H) Government of India Act, 1935 5194
2. India 5194
— Legislative Procedure 5194
— Introduction of other than financial bills 5195
— Classification of Bills 5195
I. Public and Private Bills. 5195
II. Government and Private Members’ Bills. 5197
III. Money Bills, Financial Bills and Other Bills. 5197
IV. Bills for amending the Constitution. 5198
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 5198
4. India 5198
— Passing through both Houses 5198
(A) Legislative Procedure in the House of the People 5199
I. Bills originating in the House. 5200
(A) Introduction and publication of a Bill. 5200
(i) Publication before introduction 5200
(ii) Notice of motion for leave to introduce a private member’s Bill 5200
(iii) Motion for leave to introduce a Bill 5201
(iv) Publication after introduction 5201
(B) Motions after Introduction 5202
(i) Motions after introduction of a Bill 5202
(ii) Scope of debate and amend-ments. 5203
— Effect of passing a motion for consideration 5204
(C) Report by Select Committee 5204
(i) Report by Select Committee 5204
(ii) Procedure after presentation of the Report 5205
(iii) Consideration of the Report of the Select Committee 5205
(D) Passing of a Bill 5206
— Motion that a Bill be passed 5206
— Scope of debate on the motion 5206
(E) Transmission of the Bill to the Council 5206
— Transmission with certificate of Secretary 5206
II. Bills originating in the Council and transmitted to the House 5207
— Laying on the Table and notice 5207
— Motion for consideration 5207
— Reference to Select Committee 5207
— Passing of the Bill 5207
— Return of Bill to the Council 5208
— Consideration of the Amendments 5208
— Rejection of the Bill by the House, either during its first or second journey 5208
III. Returned Bill received back in the House from the Council with disagreement to the amend-ments proposed in the House, or with fresh amendments. 5208
— Laying on the Table and motion for consideration 5209
IV. Legislative Procedure in the Council of States. 5209
A. Bills originating in the Council. 5209
B. Procedure in the Council relating to a Bill which is transmitted to it by the House of the People. 5209
(a) Motion for consideration 5209
(b) General discussion 5209
(c) Consideration and passing 5209
(d) Reference to Select Committee 5209
— Authentication of Bills 5210
— Procedure relating to a Bill returned by the President for reconsideration, under Art. 111 5211
— Special procedure relating to Private Members’ Bills 5211
(A) In the House of the People: 5211
— Committee on Private Members’ Bills 5213
(B) In the council of States: 5214
— Amendments In Both Houses 5215
— Procedure relating to Amendment of a Bill 5215
— Notice of Amendment 5215
— President’s sanction or recommenda-tion to be annexed to notice, where such sanction required 5216
— Conditions of admissibility of amend-ments to a Bill 5216
— Order of Amendments 5219
— Moving and withdrawal of Amendment 5219
— Debate on Amendment 5220
— Amendments to particular kinds of Bills 5220
I. A Bill to extend an expiring Act 5220
II. A Consolidating Bill 5221
III. An Amending Bill 5222
IV. Appropriation Bill 5222
V. Amendments at Joint Sitting for a Bill 5222
VI. A Bill for amending the Con-stitution 5222
— Committees Generally 5225
(A) U.K. 5225
(i) Committees of the whole house 5225
(ii) Standing Committees Public Bills 5226
(iii) Select Committees. 5226
(iv) Sessional Committees 5227
(v) The Business Committee 5227
(B) U.S.A. 5228
(C) France 5229
(D) India 5229
I. Committees in the House of the People 5230
(1) Select Committees on Bills 5232
— Scope of the functions of a Select Committee 5233
— Relations between a Select Committee and the House 5235
— Joint Select Committee on Bills 5236
(2) Sessional Committees 5236
(i) Business Advisory Committee 5236
(ii) Committee on Petitions 5238
(iii) Committee of Privileges 5239
(iv) Committee on Rules 5240
(3) Committees for a limited term. 5241
(i) Committee on Private Mem-bers’ Bill and Resolutions 5241
(ii) Committee on Public Accounts 5241
(iii) Committee on Estimates 5242
(iv) Committee on Subordinate Legislation 5243
(v) Committee on Government Assurances 5244
(vi) Committee on Absence of members from sittings of the House 5244
II. Committees in the Council of States. 5246
III. Joint Committee of both Houses. 5247
5. Clause (3)—Other Constitutions 5248
(A) England 5248
(B) Government of India Act,1935 5248
6. India 5249
— Effect of Prorogation on pending Bills 5249
— How long is a Bill ‘pending in Parliament’ 5249
— Effect of Prorogation on motions, resolutions and notices 5250
— Effect of Prorogation on Proceedings for Breach of Privilege 5251
— U.K. 5251
7. Clauses (4)-(5)—Other Constitutions 5252
— Government of India Act, 1935 5252
8. India 5252
— Effect of dissolution on pending Bills 5252
— Effect of dissolution on pending business other than Bills 5253
(A) House of the People 5253
(B) Council of States 5254
— Analogous Provision 5254
Art. 108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases 5254
1. Other Constitutions 5256
(A) England 5256
(B) U.S.A. 5256
(C) Australia 5257
(D) Canada 5258
(E) Eire 5258
(F) Fifth French Republic 5258
(G) Japan 5259
(H) Government of India Act, 1935 5259
2. India 5259
— Cl. (1) : Removal of deadlock between the two Houses by joint sitting 5259
— Joint sitting 5260
— When the sitting would take place 5261
— ‘The President may’ 5262
— Sub-cl. (a) : ‘Rejected by the other House’ 5262
— Sub-cl. (b) : ‘Finally disagreed as to the amendments’ 5262
— Occasions when used 5263
— Sub-cl.(c) : Computation of the period of 6 months 5263
— Whether the receiving House may pass a Bill after the lapse of six months after reception 5263
— Proviso to Cl. (1) : Money Bill excepted 5264
— Art. 108 not applicable to Constitution Amend-ment Bill 5264
— Cl. (4) : Procedure at the joint sitting 5264
— Proviso 5265
— Restrictions on Amendments 5266
— Cl. (5) : Dissolution after notification cannot prevent joint sitting 5266
Art. 109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills 5266
1. Other Constitutions 5267
(A) England 5267
(B) U.S.A. 5268
(C) Canada 5268
(D) Australia 5269
(E) Eire 5269
(F) Fifth French Republic 5270
(G) Japan 5270
(H) Government of India Act, 1935 5270
2. India 5270
— Art. 109 : Procedure regarding Money Bills 5270
— Cl. (1) : Introduction of Money Bills 5272
— Cls. (2)-(5) : Stages after introduction 5272
— Rules of Procedure for the passing of Money Bills 5273
Art. 110. Definition of “Money Bills” 5274
1. Clauses (1)–(3) 5276
2. Other Constitutions 5276
(A) England 5276
(B) Australia 5277
(C) Eire 5277
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 5277
3. India 5277
4. Clause (1) 5277
— Definition of a Money Bill 5277
— ‘Only 5278
— Sub-cl. (a) : ‘Tax’ 5279
— ‘Imposition of a tax’ 5279
— Sub-cl. (b) 5280
— Sub-cl. (c) 5280
— Sub-cl. (d) 5280
— ‘Appropriation’ 5280
— Sub-cl. (e) 5280
— Sub-cl. (f) 5280
— Sub-cl. (g) : ‘Any matter incidental to’ 5280
5. Clause (2) 5281
— What are not Money Bills 5281
— Money Bill and Financial Bill 5282
— Procedure relating to Financial Bills other than Money Bills 5283
— ‘Fees’ 5283
6. Clauses (3)-(4) 5284
7. Other Constitutions 5284
(A) England 5284
(B) Eire 5284
(C) Government of India Act, 1935 5284
8. India 5284
— Cl. (3): Speaker’s decision and Certificate 5284
— Cl. (4) : Endorsement 5285
— Deputy Speaker’s power to certify 5285
— Analogous provision 5286
Art. 111. Assent to Bills 5286
1. Other Constitutions 5287
(A) England 5287
(B) U.S.A. 5288
(C) Canada 5290
(D) Eire 5290
(E) Fifth French Republic 5290
(F) Japan 5291
(G) Government of India Act, 1935 5291
2. India 5291
— President’s assent to Bill 5291
— “Presented to the President” 5292
— No interference by Court 5292
— Nature of the President’s Veto Power 5292
— An instance of exercise of the Veto power 5294
— Can the President exercise his veto power against Ministerial advice to comply with the Directive Principles? 5295
— Effect of amendment of Art. 74(1), in 1976 and 1978. 5297
— The Proviso: Return for reconsideration 5297
— ‘To the Houses’ 5298
— Procedure for passing a Bill returned by the President 5298
— Speaker’s Certificate 5299
— Assent of the President after reconsideration 5299
— Date of passing of an Act 5300
— Proof of assent 5300
— No effect to be given to a Bill before it becomes an Act and is brought into force 5301
— When does an Act come into operation 5302
— Analogous Provision 5302
Procedure in Financial Matters
Art. 112. Annual financial statement 5302
1. Some General Principles of Financial Procedure in Eng-land and India 5303
— Stages in Financial Legislation in England and India 5307
— Procedure for Financial legislation in India 5309
(a) Presentation o the Annual Financial Statement 5310
— Procedure under Constitution compared with that under the Government of India Act. 5311
(b) The general discussion in both Houses 5311
(c) Voting of the demands by the House of the People 5311
(d) The Appropriation Act 5312
(e) The Finance Act 5312
2. Clause (1) 5313
3. Other Constitutions 5313
(A) England 5313
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5314
4. India 5314
— ‘Annual Financial Statement’ 5314
— ‘Financial year’ 5315
— ‘A Statement’ 5315
— ‘Statement of the receipts and expenditure of the Government of India’ 5316
— Procedure after presentation of the Annual Fi-nancial Statement 5317
5. Clause (2) 5317
— Mode of presenting the estimates in the Annual Financial Statement 5317
— ‘Expenditure from revenue account and other expenditure’ 5317
6. Clause (3) 5318
7. Other Constitutions 5318
(A) England 5318
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5319
8. India 5319
— Cl. (3) : Expenditure charged on the Consoli-dated Fund of India 5319
— Sub-cl. (c) : Debt Charges 5320
— Sub-cl. (g) : Other items charged on the Consolidated Fund 5321
Art. 113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates 5321
1. Clause (1)—Other Constitutions 5322
(A) England 5322
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5322
2. India 5322
— Discussion of expenditure charged on the Con-solidated Fund 5322
3. Clause (2)—Other Constitutions 5323
(A) England 5323
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5324
4. India 5324
— Power of the House over demands 5324
— Scrutiny of the Estimates 5325
— Committee of Estimates 5325
— Procedure after presentation of the Budget 5327
— Opportunities and scope for discussion of the financial proposals 5328
— How the Demands are presented 5329
— The voting of grants 5329
— Procedure for the voting of grants 5330
— Conditions relating to motions for reduction of grants 5331
— Conditions of admissibility of Cut Motions 5332
— Debate on a motion for reduction of a grant 5333
— The ‘guillotine’ 5334
5. Clause (3)—Other Constitutions 5335
(A) England 5335
(B) Canada 5336
(C) Australia 5336
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 5336
6. India 5337
— Cl. (3) : No demand except on recommendation of the President 5337
— Form of recommendation 5337
— Cls. (2)—(3) : ‘Demands’ 5337
— Analogous Provisions 5338
Art. 114. Appropriation Bills 5338
1. Clauses (1)-(2) 5338
2. Other Constitutions 5338
(A) England 5338
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5339
3. India 5339
— Cl. (1) : Appropriation Act 5339
— Cl. (2) : Scope of debate on and amendment of Appropriation Bill 5340
— ‘Altering the destination of a grant’ 5341
4. Clause (3) 5342
5. Other Constitutions 5342
— England 5342
6. India 5342
— No other means of withdrawal 5342
— Scope of Appropriation Act 5342
— U. K. 5342
— India 5343
— Effect of the Appropriation Act 5343
— ‘Subject to the provisions of Arts. 115-16 5343
— Analogous Provision 5343
Art. 115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants 5344
1. Clause (1)(a) 5344
2. Other Constitutions 5344
(A) England 5344
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5345
3. India 5345
— Applicability of Art. 115 5345
— Estimates other than the Annual Estimates 5346
— Supplementary Estimates 5346
— Debate on Supplementary estimates 5346
4. Clause (1)(b) 5347
5. Others Constitutions 5347
(A) England 5347
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5347
6. India 5348
— Excess Grants 5348
— Debate on excess grants 5348
— Cl. (2) : Procedure for Supplementary grants 5348
— Token Grant 5349
— Procedure for excess grants 5349
— Applicability of Aft. 115 5349
— Analogous provision 5350
Art. 116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants 5350
1. Clause (1)(a) 5351
2. Other Constitutions 5351
3. India 5352
— Votes on Account 5352
4. Clause (1)(b) 5353
5. Other Constitutions 5353
(A) England 5353
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5353
6. India 5353
— Votes of Credit 5353
7. Clause (1)(c) 5354
8. Other Constitutions 5354
(A) England 5354
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5354
9. India 5354
— Exceptional Grants 5354
10 Clause (2) 5354
— Procedure for Vote on Account 5354
— Scope of debate on a vote on account 5355
— Procedure for vote of credit and exceptional grant 5356
Art. 117. Special provisions as to financial Bills 5356
1. Clause (1) 5357
2. Other Constitutions 5357
(A) England 5357
(B) Canada 5358
(C) Australia 5358
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 5358
3. India 5358
— No financial Bill to be introduced except on recommendation of President 5358
— Cases where President’s recommenda-tion is not necessary 5359
— ‘Money Bills’ and ‘other financial Bills’ 5361
(A) Money Bills 5361
(B) Other Financial Bills 5361
(a) Bills which provide for any of the matters enumerated in Art. 110(1) 5361
(b) Bills involving expenditure 5362
(C) Bills providing for certain specified matters, e.g.
— 5362
— Amendments not requiring sanction 5363
— Authority to determine whether sanction re-quired 5364
— Proviso 5364
4. Clause (2) 5365
— Scope of Cl. (2) 5365
— ‘Fine or other pecuniary penalty’ 5365
5. Clause (3) 5366
6. Other Constitutions 5366
— England 5366
7. India 5366
— Bill involving expenditure 5366
— A Bill involving ‘appropriation’ and a Bill in-volving ‘expenditure’ 5367
— ‘Involving expenditure’ 5367
— Special provision for financial memorandum and printing 5368
— Limitations on the power of Parliament in fi-nancial matters 5369
— Procedure relating to the Finance Act 5369
— Debate on a Finance Bill 5371
— Provisional Collection of Taxes 5372
— Analogous Provision 5372
Procedure Generally
Art. 118. Rules of procedure 5373
1. Clause (1) 5375
2. Other Constitutions 5375
— Parliamentary Law and Procedure 5375
(A) England 5375
(B) U.S.A. 5377
(C) Australia 5377
(D) Japan 5377
(E) Government of India Act, 1935 5377
3. India 5378
— Rules of Procedure 5378
— Constitutionality of Rules 5379
— Jurisdiction of Courts with respect to Rules 5381
— Amendment of the Rules 5382
— Precedents 5382
4. General Rules of Procedure in Parliament 5383
— General Rules of Debate 5383
I. Contents of speech 5383
II. Quoting speeches made in the other House 5388
III. Irrelevance or repetition 5388
IV. Personal explanation 5389
V. Unparliamentary expressions 5390
(I) Expressions used against another mem-ber: 5391
(II) Expressions used against the House: 5397
(III) Expressions used against the Speaker: 5397
(IV) Expressions used against the Govern-ment: 5398
(V) Expressions deprecated: 5398
VI. Expunging of words from debate 5398
VII. Manner of speaking 5400
VIII. Mode of address 5404
IX. Occasion for a speech 5405
X. Order of Speeches 5405
— The rule against speaking more than once 5407
— Right of reply 5408
XI. Conduct of Members while not speaking. 5408
(i) While another member is speaking 5408
(ii) While another member is replying 5410
— Point of Order 5410
— What are Points of order 5413
XII. Methods of curtailing debate 5414
— The ‘Kangaroo’ 5417
— The Rule against Anticipation 5418
— Non-Legislative Business of Parliament 5419
I. Questions 5420
(A) Questions to Ministers 5420
— Object of Questions 5420
— Different kinds of Questions 5421
(a) Questions with usual notice 5421
(b) Short-notice Questions 5421
(c) Supplementary Questions 5421
(d) Starred and Unstarred Ques-tions 5424
— Admissibility of Questions 5426
(A) General conditions 5426
(B) Particular conditions 5427
— Character, conduct or merits of public servants 5428
— Questions relating to statutory corpora-tions 5429
— Power of the Chair to amend 5433
— Priority of Questions 5433
— Mode of putting a Question 5433
— Questions of absent members 5434
— Absence of Minister-in-charge 5435
— Answers to Questions 5436
— Correction of Answers by Minister 5438
— Answers to questions not to be given publicity until delivered in the House 5439
(B) Questions to Private Members 5439
II. Resolutions 5440
— Form and subject-matter of a Resolu-tion 5440
— Conditions for moving a Resolution 5441
— Private Members’ Resolution 5442
— Admissibility of a Resolution 5443
— Amendment to a Resolution 5444
— Withdrawal of Resolution of Amend-ment 5445
— Discussion of a Resolution 5445
— Splitting of Resolution 5445
III. Motions 5446
— Classification of ‘Motions’ 5446
(A) Substantive motions. 5446
(1) Motions on matters of public interest. 5447
(2) Motions for papers. 5449
(3) Motion for adjournment to discuss matters of urgent public importance. 5449
— Procedure relating to the motion 5451
— Conditions of admissibility 5453
— Rules relating to debate on such mo-tions 5459
(4) Motion of no-confidence in Ministry. 5459
— Motion of confidence 5460
— General rules relating to substantive motions 5462
— Procedure of debate on a motion 5462
— ‘Seconding’ of a motion 5463
— Rule against repetition 5463
— Rule against anticipation 5463
— Amendment of a Motion 5464
— Withdrawal of a Motion 5465
(B) Other than substantive motions. 5465
(i) Ancillary Motions 5465
(ii) Superseding motions. 5466
— Motion for adjournment of debate 5466
(iii) Amendments 5467
IV. Discussion without a vote 5468
(A) Half-an-hour discussion. 5468
(B) Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public importance for short duration. 5470
(C) A motion that a policy or situation or statement be taken into consideration. 5470
V. Statements not followed by Debate 5471
(1) Calling attention of Minister to some matter of urgent public importance 5471
(2) Statement made by a Minister 5472
(3) Statement made by a Minister who has resigned 5472
4. Clause (3) 5473
— Cl. (3) : Rules as to Joint Sittings of the House 5473
— Short title 5473
— Definitions 5473
— Summons to Members 5473
— Time of sitting 5473
— Presiding officers 5473
— Quorum 5473
— Procedure 5473
— Report of proceedings of joint sittings 5473
— Communication by messages. 5474
— Mode of sending messages. 5474
— Communication messages to Members. 5474
— Procedure to deal with the subject mat-ter of message. 5474
Art. 119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business 5474
— Power of Parliament to make law to regulate financial procedure 5475
Art. 120. Language to be used in Parliament 5475
— Other Constitutions 5475
— Government of India Act, 1935 5475
— India 5475
— Scope of Art. 120 5475
Art. 121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament 5476
1. Other Constitutions 5476
(A) England 5476
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5477
2. India 5477
— Art. 121 : Restriction on Discussion relating to Judges 5477
— ‘In the discharge of his duties’ 5479
— Remedy for violation of Art. 121 5480
— Arts. 105 and 121 5480
— Analogous Provision 5480
Art. 122. Courts not be inquire into proceedings of Parliament 5480
1. Clause (1) 5481
2. Other Constitutions 5481
(A) England 5481
(B) U.S.A. 5483
(C) Dominions 5484
(D) Government of India Act, 1935 5484
3. India 5484
— Cl. (1) : Courts not to inquire into irregularity of procedure in Parliament 5484
— ‘Irregularity of procedure’ 5487
— Trethowan’s Case 5489
— Hong Kong case 5489
— Ranasinghee’s case 5490
— Decision of the Speaker under paras. 6-7 of the Tenth Sch. to the Constitution 5493
— ‘Proceedings in Parliament’ 5494
— Analogous Provision 5495
4. Clause (2) 5495
5. Other Constitutions 5495
(A) England 5495
(B) Government of India Act, 1935 5496
6. India 5496
— Cl. (2) : No jurisdiction of Court in respect of powers exercisable by officer regulating proce-dure 5496
— ‘Officer of Parliament’ 5498
— ‘Conduct of business’ 5498
— Limits of the bar of jurisdiction 5500
CHAPTER III
LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
Art. 123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament 5503
1. Other Constitutions 5503
(A) Government of India Act, 1935 5504
(B) Constitution of Pakistan (1973) 5505
(C) Constitution of Bangladesh : (As modified upto May 2004) 5505
2. India 5506
— Art. 123: Ordinance-making power of the President 5506
3. Clause (1) 5507
— ‘When both Houses of Parliament are not in session’ 5507
— ‘Is satisfied’ 5507
— The satisfaction is justiciable 5509
— Can the Court interfere with the Ordinance-making power of the President or Governor on the ground of mala fides ? 5510
— Prorogation 5517
— Wadhwa v. State of Bihar a glaring instance of mala fides 5518
4. Clause (2) 5520
— Duration of an Ordinance 5520
— ‘Same force and effect as an Act of Parliament’ 5520
— Competence of the President 5521
— Cl. (2) (a): ‘Shall be laid before Parliament’ 5523
— ‘Resolution disapproving of it’ 5524
— ‘Second of those resolutions’ 5524
— Effect of an Act replacing the Ordinance 5524
5. Clause (3) 5524
— Extent of the Legislative power of the President 5524
— Construction of an Ordinance 5525
— Arts. 123 and 356 5526
Subject Index [1]-[53]